膜联蛋白B1在猪囊尾蚴免疫逃避作用的研究进展

膜联蛋白是一类有效的内源性调节蛋白,在Ca²⁺存在的条件下与膜磷脂结合,参与细胞活动的多种功能,其与肿瘤发生、自身免疫性疾病、病毒和寄生虫感染等密切相关。作为膜联蛋白家族成员Annexin B1具有独特的氨基酸残基结构,与不同种属的寄生虫入侵特异性宿主密切相关。本文主要阐述了膜联蛋白的种类及膜联蛋白B1在猪囊尾蚴感染宿主机体过程中免疫逃避的作用,旨在探索其猪囊尾蚴感染的免疫逃避机制。深入对膜联蛋白B1和囊尾蚴之间相互关系的进一步了解,以及膜联蛋白B1在寄生虫免疫中更深入的研究,对寄生虫免疫逃避的生物学意义和寄生虫病诊断治疗提供了相关的策略。     

复方中草药添加剂对稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭生理效应的影响研究

为研究复方中草药添加剂对稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标的影响,试验选取体重相近、体况健康的15日龄成都麻鸭240只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复12只。4组为对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验1、2、3组在基础饲粮中按照质量比分别添加0.5%(低剂量组)、1%(中剂量组)、2%(高剂量组)的复方中草药,试验期90 d。结果显示:(1)试验1、2、3组的平均日增重分别较对照组提高2.19%、4.34%、4.98%(P<0.05);试验2、3组的料重比分别较对照组降低3.37%、3.63%(P<0.05);(2)试验2组和3组的总蛋白(TP)分别较对照组提高4.20%、6.08%(P<0.05);试验2组和3组的尿素氮(BUN)分别较对照组降低12.72%、16.36%(P<0.05);试验2组和3组的谷草转氨酶(ALT)分别较对照组降低15.84%、19.22%(P<0.05);试验3组的谷丙转氨酶(AST)较对照组降低19.34%(P<0.05);(3)试验2组和3组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)分别较对照组提高15.80%、20.00%(P<0.05);试验3组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)较对照组提高22.37%(P<0.05);(4)三个试验组的IgA、IgM、IgG、IFN-γ、IL-2显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)较对照组提高10.06%(P<0.05),试验2组和3的组溶菌酶(LZM)分别较对照组提高6.79%、5.66%(P<0.05)。综上,中草药添加剂能有效提高稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭的生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标,本试验条件下,最佳饲喂剂量为1%。     

益生菌制剂调控畜禽肠道健康与消化道微生物互作的免疫机制

益生菌制剂作为饲料添加剂,在维护畜禽机体肠道健康、菌群平衡以及营养生理方面发挥着极其重要的作用。一方面,益生菌制剂能够替代部分抗生素,为实现畜禽养殖过程中的"减抗"目标,开辟了一条优质、安全、绿色的道路;另一方面,益生菌制剂能够调控肠道生理结构和改善肠道屏障完整性,进而缓解畜禽养殖中的"亚健康"状况。本文围绕益生菌制剂的种类与作用,益生菌制剂对畜禽肠道免疫、应激、疾病的调控机制,益生菌制剂的发展前景进行阐述,为开发更多益生菌制剂的产品提供理论支撑。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2的鉴定及对杧果炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

菌株HN-2为本实验室分离得到的一株生防细菌，通过采用形态学观察结合现代分子生物学的手段鉴定生防菌HN-2为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis，以杧果炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz作为靶标，其发酵上清液的正丁醇萃取粗提物的活性最好，抑菌圈大小为20.93 mm，半最大效应浓度（EC₅₀）为70.62 μg/mL。通过飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）数据结合基因检测的结果分析发现，正丁醇提取物中主要活性成分为脂肽类物质，其中含有表面活性素（surfactin）、伊枯草菌素（iturins）和泛革素（fengycin）等。通过显微观察发现正丁醇粗提物可以造成杧果炭疽病菌菌丝扭曲、膨大、畸形，从而抑制杧果炭疽病菌的生长，菌株HN-2正丁醇提取物处理后的杧果15 d内未出现杧果炭疽病病状，对杧果果实具有较好的保护作用。贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2的主要活性物质为脂肽类物质，其对植物病原真菌有较好的防治效果，具有进一步深入研究和开发应用的潜力。     

油茶内生拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及防效

为筛选出对油茶炭疽菌有拮抗效果的生防菌株，以油茶健康叶为对象，平板对峙法筛选，利用形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA基因和gyrA基因序列对菌株进行鉴定，测定其抑菌活性，并将该菌株与枯草芽胞杆菌Y13复配进行林间防效试验。结果表明，对油茶炭疽病菌拮抗作用效果较强的内生菌株为HBMC—B05；菌落为乳白色，不透明，边缘不整齐，中间有凸起；分子鉴定结果显示菌株HBMC—B05为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis，其对果生炭疽菌Collectotrichum fructicola，抑菌率可达到81.31%，对另外3种油茶炭疽病病原菌抑菌率可达到70%以上，对其他4种致病菌也有抑制作用；复合菌剂对油茶病害的田间防治效果达到59%以上。该菌株的抑菌具有广谱性，可为油茶病害的生物防治扩充菌种资源，具有广泛的应用前景。     

生长调节物质对小豆豆芽营养成分影响和功能性评价

为筛选最适合芽菜培养的小豆品种,以‘白红8号’为试材,设置3种生长调节物质(乙酰水杨酸、乙烯利和6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA))的各6个浓度(0.0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mmol/L;0、20、30、40、50、60 mg/L和0、2、3、4、5、6 mg/L)喷施处理,测定其生物特性(上胚轴长度、上胚轴直径、萌发率、鲜重、干重和产出比)、营养成分(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)及抗氧化等特性。结果表明:3种生长调节物质喷施处理都能够提升其营养价值,在乙烯利喷施浓度为50 mg/L,‘白红8号’小豆芽苗菜中各营养成分、酶活性及抗氧化性等均可达到最大值,显著提高了其营养价值。因此,为提高生产中小豆芽苗菜的产量和营养价值,最终确定乙烯利喷施浓度为50 mg/L效果最佳。     

Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly,Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

龙须藤茎皮甲醇提取物生物活性初探

龙须藤Bauhinia championii在医用方面已证实具有良好的抗菌、消炎作用,但其在农用方面的活性研究还鲜有报道。本研究分别采用菌丝生长速率法和种子生物测定法,首次测定龙须藤茎皮甲醇提取物及分离组分对6种农业有害真菌和单、双子叶两种植物的生物活性。结果表明,龙须藤甲醇浸提物对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae有一定的抑制效果,对油菜Brassica napus和稗草Echinochloa crusgalli的根芽均没有抑制作用。但其甲醇浸提物中分离的大部分组分对供试病原菌和植物的根芽都表现出一定抑制作用。杀菌活性方面:10号组分对西瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum和番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani的抑制效果最好,抑制率分别达到80.0%和78.0%,除草活性方面:1～3号组分对油菜根的抑制率较高,达到50%以上,2号组分对稗草根的抑制效果最好,达到68%。可见,龙须藤茎皮提取物中含有具有良好杀菌活性和除草活性的物质。     

具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵条件优化及菌剂制备

为了明确具有除草活性的生防菌株GD-9发酵过程中各因子的配比和最优条件,采用单因素试验对菌株最适碳源、氮源、载体、固态发酵基质进行了筛选,应用正交试验设计研究了碳源、氮源、初始含水量、接种量、初始pH、培养时间、培养温度7种因素对菌株活菌数的影响。试验结果表明菌株GD-9最佳固态发酵条件为:氮源NaNO_3 58.4 mg/g,碳源葡萄糖48.4 mg/g,培养基质最适初始含水量为258 mg/g,最适接种量为0.26 mL/g,初始pH 7.6,最佳培养时间147.8 h,最佳培养温度30.7℃,最适宜的载体为黏土,分散剂为聚乙烯醇,稳定剂为膨润土,润湿剂为糊精。通过发酵试验结果制备生防菌株GD-9的固体菌剂,该研究为菌剂的商品化生产奠定基础。