Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

MS培养基中氮、磷无机盐对鳗草克隆幼苗生存的影响

为了探究MS培养基中氮、磷无机营养盐对鳗草生长的影响。单独添加不同浓度KNO₃、NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄的天然海水中培养鳗草克隆苗,于7、14天进行植株形态学观察和叶片叶绿素含量测定。其中,KNO₃的添加量为MS培养基中的1/2倍、1倍和2倍及NO₃^-总浓度为39.4 mmol/L,KH₂PO₄和NH₄NO₃的添加量均为MS培养基中各自浓度的1/2、1和2倍。结果表明,叶绿素含量以KNO₃处理组最高(P<0.05),克隆苗培养14天无毒害现象,且有新叶发出;NH₄NO₃和KH₂PO₄处理组均对克隆苗有明显毒害作用,NH₄NO₃处理组叶片48 h后开始褐化,7天后茎尖、根尖明显变软并褐化,14天后植株死亡;KH₂PO₄处理组培养14天后叶片平均褐化率达56%。因此,1/2、MS培养基均不适用于鳗草的室内培养,其培养基的氮源应为单独添加的NO₃^--N或高浓度NO₃^--N+低浓度NH₄⁺-N。     

施磷对苜蓿光合产物在根茎叶的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷后紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶中光合产物分配与苜蓿抗蓟马能力的关系,本试验以紫花苜感虫品种‘甘农3号’和抗虫品种‘甘农9号’为材料,以北方苜蓿蓟马类优势害虫牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothripsloti)为研究对象,设0mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、27mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、54mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、81mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)和108mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)5个磷水平,分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4,在苜蓿6叶期,按3头·株~(-1)接入牛角花齿蓟马,分别于苜蓿持续受害7 d、14 d和21 d时,评价苜蓿的受害指数,测量单株叶、茎、根生物量和根、茎、叶中的可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明:随着施磷水平的升高,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数降低,总体以P3水平下最低;受害7 d时,两个苜蓿品种受害指数均下降但不显著;受害14 d和21 d时受害指数下降显著(P0.05)。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶生物量均显著增加,在蓟马为害前期(7d)和中期(14d)苜蓿受害较轻时,生物量向叶中分配较多;在受到持续较重的为害后(21d),苜蓿的生物量更多向根系分配,相应分配到叶部的生物量有所下降,茎秆中的生物量分配比例变化不显著。相对于‘甘农3号’,各施磷水平下‘甘农9号’分配到叶中的生物量更多。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶中可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著增加,随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿根、茎和叶中的淀粉含量总体下降,而可溶性糖含量持续增加;在受害14 d和21 d时,‘甘农9号’的叶和根中的可溶性糖及淀粉含量明显高于‘甘农3号’。总之,施磷可有效增强苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性,在虫害压力适中时,施磷促进了苜蓿地上部分的补偿生长,虫害压力较大时,施磷保证根系的生长以维持其生存。随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿存贮型碳水化合物淀粉的含量趋向减少,根、茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量升高,使较多的资源用于苜蓿光合器官和贮藏器官的构建。P3水平[81 mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)]为本试验中苜蓿最佳施磷水平。     

不同供磷水平对辣椒根系形态和根际特征的影响

以辣椒品种线椒王为试验材料，采用盆栽方式，通过分析不同施磷水平下辣椒根系形态和根系生理的变化，探究辣 椒磷高效利用的主要根系及根际过程。结果表明，辣椒地上部和根系生物量随供磷水平的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势，整 株磷浓度以及整株磷累积量呈增加趋势。随供磷水平增加，根系总根长呈先增加后下降趋势，根系平均直径、根冠比呈逐渐 降低趋势；辣椒根系菌根侵染率和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈现先增加后下降的趋势。相关分析结果表明，土壤有效磷浓度和整 株磷浓度与根系平均直径、菌根侵染率呈极显著负相关，与总根长可用一元二次方程拟合，表明辣椒根系适应低磷的根际特 征可能是通过增加根系生物量及总根长，同时降低根系平均直径来实现的。     

Phosphorous accumulation and distribution of two ecotypes of Pilea sinofasciata grown in phosphorous-enriched soils

Water eutrophication and poultry manure require an efficacious remediation technology to decrease phosphorous (P) concentration. In this study, the P phytoremediation potential of a mining (ME) and nonmining ecotype (NME) of Pilea sinofasciata were analyzed by pot experiments employing different concentrations of P treatments (CK, P100, P200, P400, P800 and P1600) in tested soil. Growth, P accumulation and P-relevant enzyme activities of P. sinofasciata in ME and NME were assessed after 10 weeks’ plantation. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the shoot biomass of the ME and NME. Higher P concentration and accumulation were observed in the ME than NME for all treatments. Stem P concentration of the ME were 117%, 189%, 152%, 153%, 140% and 139% higher than the NME, and leaf P concentration were 122%, 146%, 138%, 144%, 137% and 113%. Maximum P uptake and phytoextraction was observed at P400 for the ME of P. sinofasciata. Elevated activities of acid phosphatase and phytase in roots were examined in P-enriched soil, and the ME presented higher activities compared with the NME. The results in this paper provide a theoretical basis for the use of ME of P. sinofasciata for phosphorus accumulators and suggest that ME of P. sinofasciata is a promising species for the excess P phytoextraction of P-enriched soils.     

典型农田根际土壤伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其多样性

在根际环境中伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderiales)是一类重要的植物促生菌,其群落结构变化可能会影响植物的生长和发育。本研究针对伯克霍尔德氏菌目,采用特异性引物16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,研究了田间条件下黑土、潮土和红壤中玉米根际伯克霍尔德氏菌群落结构及其对地上部作物生物量和产量的可能影响。结果表明:在三种土壤类型中,与未施肥相比,施肥对伯克霍尔德氏菌目的丰富度和多样性均没有显著影响。在伯克霍尔德氏菌的科水平主要检测到三类细菌,分别为草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),且草酸杆菌科是其中的优势菌。此外,施肥显著增加了有机质含量较低的潮土中马赛菌(Massilia spp.和Massilia sp. WG5)和伯克氏菌(Burkholderiaspp.)的相对丰度(P0.05);增加了酸性红壤中草螺旋菌(Herbaspirillumsp.ZM319)的相对丰度,但降低了Noviherbaspirillum spp.的相对丰度(P0.05);而在有机质含量最高的黑土中,所有检测到的伯克霍尔德氏菌均无明显地变化。进一步分析表明,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH是影响这几类细菌的主要因素,而马赛菌群落的变化可能会影响玉米地上部生物量和产量。本研究表明,尽管化学施肥是影响玉米地上部生物量和产量的主要原因,但是伯克霍尔德氏菌等根际微生物群落也可能是影响它们的潜在生物因素。     

供磷水平对‘热研5号'柱花草-根瘤菌共生体系的影响

为研究不同供磷水平对热研5号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis‘Reyan No.5')-根瘤菌共生体系的影响,利用水培试验对接种7株不同根瘤菌的柱花草进行3个磷浓度的处理,通过对柱花草干重、植株含氮量、根瘤数、固氮酶活性的测定及分析确定磷对共生体系的影响。结果表明:低磷不利于柱花草及根瘤菌共生体系的生长;菌株YM11-1,FS3-1-1在高磷时固氮促生效果最佳,菌株LZ3 2,RJS9-2,BS1-1,CJ1则在中等磷条件下固氮促生效果最佳,磷对菌株PN13-3的影响不大。     

Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

磷影响大豆根系分泌有机酸总量和不同根区有机酸量

采用营养液培养的方法,设置由无磷转化为供磷(0-50)和由供磷转换为无磷(50-0)2个处理,分析了磷转换处理对不同根区有机酸的影响.结果表明:大豆生长对磷素的需求非常迫切,50-0处理根系可溶性磷含量相对较高,而0-50处理地上部可溶性磷含量相对较高;50-0处理根系有机酸分泌量较0-50处理大,而且分泌量随着距离根...     

小麦PHO基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

PHO基因家族主要参与磷酸盐的转运，在植物生长发育中起重要作用。为研究小麦PHO基因家族成员的潜在功能，本研究从小麦全基因组中鉴定PHO基因家族成员，并利用生物信息学手段对其基因结构特征、蛋白结构域、系统进化、顺式作用元件及表达特性进行分析。结果在小麦全基因组中共鉴定到12个PHO基因家族成员，所有成员均含有SPX和EXS结构域。系统进化、保守结构域和基因结构分析发现，小麦PHO蛋白与拟南芥PHO1-H1蛋白以及水稻PHO1蛋白亲缘关系较近；除TaPHO7、TaPHO10、TaPHO11和TaPHO12蛋白缺少部分基序外，其余小麦PHO蛋白均具有完整基序，且同一亚组内的成员具有相似的蛋白保守结构域和基因结构，说明PHO亚家族成员间高度保守。顺式作用元件分析发现，小麦PHO基因启动子区域含有与磷调控相关的激素诱导、光响应、低温响应等元件。基于RNA＿seq数据的组织特异性分析发现，大部分PHO基因在根中的表达量较高。qRT-PCR分析发现，低磷胁迫处理下磷高效小麦品种小偃54地下部分(根) TaPHO7和 TaPHO8基因的表达量显著高于对照。