磷素施用对糯玉米子粒产量和磷素积累分配的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为试材,研究不同磷肥施用量和施用时期对糯玉米子粒产量及磷素积累分配的影响。结果表明,糯玉米成熟期子粒产量随施磷量的增加而增加,苏玉糯5号在基施和拔节期分别追施P_2O_575 kg/hm~2处理子粒产量最高;渝糯7号一次性基施P_2O_5150 kg/hm~2的处理子粒产量最高。随着生育进程的推进,两个品种植株磷素积累量均逐渐增加;同一生育时期下,两个品种植株磷素积累量随着施磷量的增加而增加。成熟期苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号两个品种在各施磷处理下子粒中磷素占植株整体的分配比例均最高,达70%左右;雄穗和苞叶中磷素含量相对最低,各仅占植株整体含磷量的2%左右。植株磷素利用效率在基施和拔节期分别追施P2O575 kg/hm~2处理下较低。综合两个品种产量、磷素积累和分配在不同处理的变化趋势,以基施和拔节期分别追施P_2O_575 kg/hm~2较优。     

玉米基因型磷效率与相对根系性状的最优回归模型及育种学启示

以33个不同玉米基因型为材料,在低磷和高磷两个供磷水平下,分析玉米基因型磷效率与多个相对根系性状的关系,建立最优回归方程。结果表明,相对总根重和相对须根数对磷效率的回归系数显著,建立磷效率与相对总根重和相对须根数二者的最优回归模型为Y=-0.224-0.576X₂+1.780X₃,R²=0.880(p<0.05);相对表层根重对磷效率的回归系数显著,建立磷效率与相对表层根重的最优回归模型为Y=-0.235+1.136X1,R²=0.653(p<0.05);相对须根数和相对表层根重可以作为培育高磷效率玉米基因型的改良目标性状。     

Breeding dominant genic male sterility restorer line of Brassica napus L.

To facilate breeding process of Brassica napus, a microspore culture and molecular marker-assisted screening combined system were proposed in this research. At early flowering stage, F₁ offspring of hybridized combination HY15A ​× ​HF06 was used as donor for microspore culture to analyze effects of colchicine concentration on embryogenic and diploid rates of microspore. Treatment with 50 ​mg/L colchicine resulted in embryogenic rate of 3.56 embryos/bud, which was substantially higher than control (0.78 embryos/bud). A total of 1,387 embryos and 862 single plants were obtained after induction culture. Ploidy detection was performed for the regenerated plants by flow cytometry. Diploid rates of microspores treated with 50 ​mg/L and 70 ​mg/L colchicine were 17.2% and 21.0% respectively, which was significantly higher than control (10.5%). Totally 108 single plants that doubled successfully were randomly selected and screened using molecular marker BE10. Approximately 54 of 108 plants generated a 305 bp amplification product, whereas the other 54 plants showed a 398 bp band, thereby satisfying 1:1 separation ratio (x²_0.05 ​= ​0.0093). These coincided with field identification results. Findings of this study indicated that homozygous breeding material could be obtained by microspore culture in a short time, thereby remarkably accelerate breeding.     

不同施磷水平对春玉米产量、养分吸收及转运的影响

通过两年田间试验,研究不同施磷条件下玉米产量、养分吸收利用及转运的变化。结果表明,玉米产量随施磷水平的提高先增后降,以施磷90 kg/hm~2处理最高。依据玉米产量(y)和施磷量(x)二次曲线拟合,得出最佳施磷范围为90.1~103.1 kg/hm~2。在施磷水平30~90 kg/hm~2范围内,抽雄期各养分积累量与转运量呈正比;当施磷水平提高至120 kg/hm~2,各养分向子粒转运量出现负效应。相关分析表明,除苗期外,玉米其他生育期氮、磷、钾的积累间及转运间均存在显著或极显著的正向相关性,氮、磷、钾积累、转运与产量间也存在显著或极显著的正向相关性,灌浆期氮、磷、钾素积累与产量间的相关系数最大。玉米磷肥生理利用率和农学利用率随施磷水平的提高先增后降,玉米磷素吸收效率、当季回收率和偏生产力随施磷水平的提高而降低。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

Genotypic variation for root traits of maize (Zea mays L.) from the Purhepecha Plateau under contrasting phosphorus availability

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint for maize production in many low-input agroecosystems. This study was conducted to evaluate genotypic variation in both root (root architecture and morphology, including root hairs) and plant growth traits associated with the adaptation of maize landraces to a P-deficient Andisol in two locations in the Central Mexican highlands. Two hundred and forty-two accessions from the Purhepecha Plateau, Michoacan were grown in Ponzomaran with low (23 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) and high (97 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) P fertilization under rain-fed field conditions, and subsequently a subset of 50 contrasting accessions were planted in the succeeding crop cycle in Bonilla. Accessions differed greatly in plant growth, root morphology and P efficiency defined as growth with suboptimal P availability. The accessions were divided into 3 categories of P efficiency using principal component and cluster analyses, and 4 categories according to the retained principal component and their relative weight for each genotype in combination with growth or yield potential. The distribution of accessions among three phosphorus efficiency classes was stable across locations. Phosphorus-efficient accessions had greater biomass, root to shoot ratio, nodal rooting, nodal root laterals, and nodal root hair density and length of nodal root main axis, and first-order laterals under P deficiency. Biomass allocation to roots, as quantified by the allometric partitioning coefficient (K) was not altered by P availability in the efficient accessions, but inefficient accessions had a lower K under low P conditions. Accessions with enhanced nodal rooting and laterals had greater growth under low P. Dense root hairs on nodal root main axes and first-order laterals conferred a marked benefit under low P, as evidenced by increased plant biomass. Late maturity improved growth and yield under low P. These results indicate that landraces of the Central Mexican highlands exhibit variation for several root traits that may be useful for genetic improvement of P efficiency in maize.     

新疆冬小麦苗期耐低磷指标的筛选

为了筛选快速评价冬小麦苗期耐低磷性的指标,测定了两种磷素水平下15个冬小麦品种苗期的株高、根长、根数、根干重、茎干重、植株磷积累量等6项生理指标.相关分析和通径分析表明,茎干重和根干重对植株磷积累量有极显著的直接作用,茎干重是影响植株磷积累量的最重要的性状;通过主成分分析可将6个单项生理指标综合成3个相互独立的综合指标,小麦在低磷条件下的适应性与植株干物质特征最为密切.本研究结果表明,植株磷积累量、茎干重、根干重、根数可以作为小麦苗期耐低磷基因型快速筛选的指标.     

Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in the Future

World demand for phosphorus (P) fertilizer and increasing environmental regulations concerning water quality will continue to motivate the search for ways to improve P use efficiency in potato production. While much effort has gone into understanding P availability and uptake from soil, relatively little is known about the possibility of increasing uptake efficiency through genetic improvement or improved root health. Potato exhibits considerable genetic variation in uptake efficiency of nutrients like nitrogen, and it is likely that genetic variation also exists in P use efficiency. Increased efficiency may be due to differences in tuber yield per unit of available P (utilization efficiency), or in rate of P absorption from the soil (uptake efficiency). Likewise, genetic improvements in resistance to root-decaying pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae, and improved control practices are likely to help maintain a healthy root mass to aid in maintaining P uptake during periods of higher P demand during the growing season.     

施磷量对低磷灌区冬小麦产量、经济效益和农学效率的影响

为优化低磷灌区的小麦施磷量,2014-2016年,以西农979、西农3517、兰考198、开麦20、泛麦8号和洛麦22为材料进行田间定位试验,研究了P₂O₅量为0(P0)、60(P60)、120(P120)、180(P180)和240(P240) kg·hm^-2 5个不同施磷量对冬小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素、经济效益和磷肥农学效率的影响。结果表明,随施磷量的增加,小麦成穗数显著或不显著增加,穗粒数、籽粒产量和经济效益呈先升高后降低的趋势,磷肥农学效率逐渐下降。品种对小麦籽粒产量、经济效益和磷肥农学效率有显著影响,两个小麦生长季的平均产量和经济效益分别均以P180和P120处理最高;在2015-2016生长季,P60、P120、P180和P240的磷肥农学效率较2014-2015生长季分别高39.1%、56.8%、11.5%和-2.4%。回归分析表明,在2015-2016生长季,不同小麦品种获得最佳经济效益的施磷量为128.3~139.1 kg·hm^-2 ,较获得最佳产量的施磷量降低5.8%~7.2%,二者的理论产量差异仅为0.12%~0.68%。建议低磷灌区小麦施P₂O₅120~140 kg·hm^-2 。     

Phosphorus efficiency of naturalized Chilean white clover in a grazed field trial

Nine naturalized white clover populations and two cultivars (Huia and Will) were evaluated at two soil phosphorus ( P ) levels (6 and 20 P mg kg^?1) to characterize them for DM production and P efficiency, and to facilitate the selection of suitable genotypes to produce cultivars for P‐deficient marginal soils. The study was carried out in Chile during 2007–2010 under field grazing conditions using a randomized complete factorial block design with three replicates. The clover was grown with perennial ryegrass. Botanical composition and herbage DM production were recorded, phosphorus concentrations in soil and in clover and ryegrass herbage were determined, and P absorption (PAE) and P utilization (PUE) efficiency were calculated. Population 8‐1‐X yielded more DM under the low than under the high soil‐ P level and was the highest yielding clover in the low soil‐ P treatment. It also had the highest PAE (0·6 kg P ha^?1 per mg kg^?1 Olsen P) under low P availability. Dry‐matter yield of 9‐2‐X was statistically similar to 8‐1‐X and Huia at low P level; however, because of its lower P absorption, it had the highest PUE (455 kg DM ha^?1 per kg ha^?1 absorbed P). Furthermore, the highest yield of ryegrass occurred when grown with 8‐1‐X, and this combination gave the maximum total yield. These two populations have potential for inclusion in breeding programmes.     

间作条件下玉米与马铃薯的养分利用特征

采用田间小区试验,通过2行玉米间作2行马铃薯、4行玉米间作4行马铃薯及相应单作试验,在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期比较植株氮磷钾浓度和养分吸收量,研究玉米间作马铃薯中养分吸收和肥料利用效率的变化。结果表明,玉米大喇叭口期,间作玉米植株氮钾浓度显著低于单作(F_氮=6.608,P_氮=0.015;F_钾=5.148,P_钾=0.028),且根、茎、叶中氮磷钾浓度都低于单作处理,部分差异达到了显著水平,根对氮和磷的利用贡献大一些,茎对钾的利用贡献大。间作玉米的养分吸收量没有优势,但间作玉米单株产量极显著高于单作,产量与玉米大喇叭口期植株氮钾浓度极显著和显著负相关,表明提高玉米氮钾利用效率可促进增产。     

西北地区种植密度对夏播沈爆3号产量和品质的影响

在西北地区夏播条件下,以沈爆3号为试验材料,在不同密度下对其产量、品质及生理指标进行研究。结果表明,沈爆3号适合高密度种植且适应密度范围较大,密度在82 500株/hm²时产量最高,达3 915.17 kg/hm²;最大叶面积指数和最大叶绿素值分别出现在97 500株/hm²和52 500株/hm²密度处理;高密度条件下,最大叶面积指数出现的时期较晚,持续时间较长,叶绿素含量变化也较为平缓;高密条件下较大的叶面积指数降低了因叶绿素含量下降而对产量造成的负效应,即降低了高密条件下源对于产量的限制;沈爆3号平均叶向值LOV为11.5,在品种改良上具有很大的上升潜力;建立产量和生理指标最优回归方程为：Y=490.280 6-7.836 0X₂+7.505 5X₃（R²=0.999 9,X₂为叶绿素SPAD值,X₃为叶向值）。在夏播条件下,沈爆3号膨爆率、膨爆倍数分别为96.29%和23倍,分别比春播低1.07个百分点和27.97%。玉米花中淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸平均含量分别为51.94%、10.30%、6.97%和0.24%。     

京411及其衍生系苗期氮和磷利用效率相关性状的遗传分析

为了研究小麦苗期氮、磷吸收及利用效率的遗传差异,以骨干亲本京411及其14份衍生后代为材料,在3个氮处理(Ca(NO3)2含量分别为0、0.05和2.0mmol·L-1)和3个磷处理(KH2PO4含量分别为0、0.005和0.25mmol·L-1)条件下分析不同基因型苗期营养利用效率及相关性状,并结合90kSNP芯片分析氮、磷吸收及利用效率相关遗传区段,以及京411携带的重要区段的传递和分布。结果表明,供试品种(系)的氮、磷吸收及利用效率存在较大遗传变异,京411和CA0958的氮吸收量和农学效率较高,北京0045、中麦175和CA0816R的氮利用效率较高,09抗1027、CA9722、中麦415和CA1133具有较强的耐低氮能力;09抗1027、北京0045和CA1133的磷吸收量较高,中麦175和CA9722的磷利用效率较高,CA0958和北京0045具有较高的磷农学效率,中麦175和CA1055具有较强的耐低磷能力。A和B染色体组在小麦苗期氮和磷吸收及利用中的作用可能大于D染色体组。3B和4B染色体上各存在一个在低磷和高磷条件下对苗期磷利用效率均有影响的位点,1B和2A染色体上各存在一个在不施磷和低磷条件下均表现较强耐低磷能力的位点。氮、磷吸收及利用效率可能具有相同或相似的遗传背景。中麦175与骨干亲本的氮、磷吸收及利用效率相同位点较多,且含有较多的正向效应位点,同时在苗期表现出了较强的氮、磷吸收及利用效率,其在实际生产中表现为高产且水肥利用效率高,是京411的优良衍生后代。     

节水灌溉条件下不同施磷量对冬小麦磷素吸收利用的影响

为提高节水灌溉条件下小麦磷素利用效率,以济麦22和石优20为材料,设置60、120和180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2三个磷素供应水平（分别用P₆₀、P₁₂₀和P₁₈₀代表）研究了节水栽培下磷素（P）用量对小麦P吸收和利用特性的影响。结果表明,供试小麦品种在各生育时期植株干重均随施P水平增高而提高;低P（P₆₀）水平下石优20植株干重较大,在高P（P₁₈₀）水平下济麦22则植株干重较大。两小麦品种各生育时期植株P含量均以高P处理下较高,且石优20高于济麦22。随施P水平的增高,小麦植株P累积量增多, P累积速率增大,以开花至成熟期P累积速率较高,且施P水平对P累积速率有正向调控作用。成熟期,植株各器官的干重、P累积量和P分配比例均以籽粒最高,茎秆和叶鞘及叶片次之,颖壳和穗轴最低;各器官P含量以籽粒最高,茎秆、叶鞘、颖壳和穗轴次之,叶片最低,表明生育后期植株体内P素主要向籽粒转运、积累。低P和中P（P₁₂₀）处理下,石优20产量显著高于济麦22;高P处理下,石优20的产量较济麦22低。随供P水平的提高,植株花前的P转运量和P转运效率增大,但P贡献率、P利用效率和P肥偏生产力下降。不同品种相比,石优20植株的花前P转运量和营养器官P贡献率与济麦22相近,但石优20的P收获指数、花前P转运效率、P利用效率和P肥偏生产力较济麦22低。研究表明,节水条件下,小麦养分高效品种石优20在低P水平下具有较高P吸收能力和籽粒产量,适当施P可增强济麦22植株生育后期P的吸收、利用能力和高产潜力。     

生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施对玉米产量及养分利用的影响

通过4年田间定位试验,研究辽宁昌图棕壤区生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施20%对玉米产量及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,生物炭还田(3 000 kg/hm~2)后各处理促进玉米增产,最高增产5.5%,生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理的产量表现略有增加的趋势。生物炭还田后各处理均提高了玉米植株N、P和K的养分吸收量,提高玉米植株氮素和磷素回收率,生物炭还田配施常规肥处理可更好促进玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收,提高玉米氮素回收率,4年综合提高5.3个百分点;生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理可更好提高玉米磷素回收率,提高4.9个百分点。     

异源染色体附加对普通小麦氮磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响

为明确异源染色体的附加对普通小麦氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响,以中国春为对照,设计不同浓度水平的氮、磷组合进行苗期水培试验,评价了43份中国春背景下小麦异附加系的氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率。对不同水平氮磷组合处理下的苗期表型调查发现,氮、磷胁迫均会抑制地上部分生长,促进地下部分生长;低氮胁迫降低了苗期的株高、茎干重和总干重,提高了根长、叶数、SPAD值及根茎比;磷缺乏提高了根干重和根茎比,抑制了其余性状。在中氮和低氮处理下,Ae.searsii 1SS等13个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的氮高效;低氮处理下,Ps.huashanica E等9个小麦异附加系的氮吸收能力显著高于中国春,Ps.huashanica C等4个小麦异附加系的氮利用效率显著高于中国春。在磷充足及磷胁迫处理下,Ag.intermedium B等5个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的磷高效;低磷处理下,Ag.intermedium B等4个小麦异附加系的磷吸收能力显著高于中国春,L.racemosus L附加系和Ag.elongatum 6E附加系的磷利用效率显著高于中国春。进一步分析氮、磷高效的小麦异附加系携带的异源染色体,没有观察到染色体部分同源群聚集的现象。筛选出的异源染色体附加系可作为小麦育种的中间材料,进行养分高效的遗传分析或育种应用。     

小麦近缘染色体异附加系的磷效率及其机理研究

磷素缺乏是限制小麦高产的重要原因,而小麦近缘野生种往往表现出更好的耐低磷胁迫特性。本研究以通过盆栽实验初步筛选出来的9个磷高效的外缘染色体异附加系小麦为供试材料,以它们的亲本中国春(CS)为对照,在水培条件下对异附加系小麦在苗期的磷效率(包括磷吸收和磷利用效率)以及与磷效率有关的生理机制进行了研究。结果表明:(1)有6个外缘染色体异附加系材料(0226、0232、0244、0278、0282、0291)在水培条件下表现出了高磷效率;(2)在这6份磷高效的外缘染色体异附加系材料中有两份材料(0226和0232)在低磷条件下酸性磷酸酶的活性以及草酸和琥珀酸的分泌量都显著高于其亲本CS,而且在低磷条件下这两份材料的Cmin显著低于CS,说明这两份材料中添加的外缘染色体中包含与磷高效有关的基因,因此这两份外缘染色体异附加系可作为小麦育种材料,进而选育出高产的磷高效小麦品种。     

麦季施磷量对小麦-玉米轮作产量及土壤有效磷的影响

为提高陕西关中地区小麦-玉米轮作体系磷素利用率和节本增效，以及筛选合理的磷肥施用方式，于2018-2021年进行连续3年的仅小麦季一次施磷的田间定位试验，通过设置0、75、150、225和300 kg·hm^-2 5个施磷（P₂O₅）水平，分析了麦季施磷量对小麦-玉米轮作产量、生物量、植株磷积累转运及土壤有效磷含量的影响。结果表明，与不施磷处理相比，施磷处理下小麦和小麦-玉米周年籽粒产量分别提高29.38%~40.95%和15.72%~24.57%，成熟期生物产量分别提高18.56%~34.19%和12.84%~23.29%，花前干物质转运量分别提高31.65%~63.33%和27.79%~52.47%，成熟期磷积累量分别提高37.08%~54.67%和39.54%~44.38%，磷素转运量分别提高90.82%~165.63%和44.06%~58.27%。通过进一步回归分析发现，实现小麦季和小麦-玉米周年最高产量的施磷量分别为207 和201 kg·hm^-2；若综合考虑粮食安全、环境安全和肥料利用率，以95%的小麦最高产量为实际目标，小麦季施磷量仅为130 kg·hm^-2，两个最高产量的施磷量分别降低37.20%和35.32%，磷肥利用率分别提高2.27和2.87个百分点，小麦成熟期和玉米成熟期土壤有效磷含量分别为17.96和12.31 mg·kg^-1。因此，陕西省关中小麦-玉米轮作区麦季一次施用磷肥可实现小麦和小麦玉米周年高产稳产，本试验条件下130 kg·hm^-2为满足较高的轮作产量和磷肥利用率的适宜麦季施磷水平。     

磷素对不同品质类型大豆光合生理的影响

以6个不同品质类型(普通型、高油型和高蛋白型各2个)的亚有限结荚习性大豆品种为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了3个磷素水平(0、82.5、165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)对不同品质类型大豆叶片光合生理的影响。结果表明:施磷对不同品质类型大豆开花期至鼓粒期的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数和水分利用效率有较大影响,且施磷有利于提高各品质类型大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等光合生理指标。此外,施磷使生育后期大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等下降速度减缓,其中对高蛋白品种的影响最为明显。高蛋白品种在高磷(165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)处理下的光合速率、气孔导度等的下降速度均最为缓慢。     

基于Meta分析的黄河三角洲小麦产量及肥效特征

为探究黄河三角洲小麦产量及肥效特征,通过检索已发表的相关文献,采用整合分析法（Meta-analysis）,对黄河三角洲不同区域小麦产量分布及肥料的产量差贡献率、产量反应、相对产量、农学效率和偏生产力等进行了统计分析。结果表明,黄河三角洲小麦田间平均产量为6.00 t·hm_-2,变化范围较大 （2.69~8.65 t·hm_-2）,不同区域平均产量表现为第一扇面>第三扇面>第二扇面。肥料增产效果表现为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥。施肥导致的产量差为2.40~2.87 t·hm_-2,其中氮肥对小麦产量差的贡献率最大。氮、磷、钾肥的相对产量分别为0.96、0.85、0.92。在基础地力条件下,土壤氮素对小麦产量贡献最大,其次为钾素,磷素贡献最小。氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为4.94、12.13、15.33 kg·kg_-1,氮、磷农学效率较高地区均为第一扇面,钾农学效率较高地区为第二扇面;氮、磷、钾肥平均偏生产力分别为36.12、60.95、82.92 kg·kg_-1,均以第二扇面值最高。可见,黄河三角洲小麦肥料利用率有待提升,氮素为小麦产量的第一限制因子,应重视减施氮肥,不同区域土壤地力及肥效差异较大,施肥过程中需因地制宜配合土壤改良,才能起到更好的增产节肥功效。