我国黄瓜抗病品种选育技术研究进展

黄瓜在我国蔬菜产业中占有重要地位,然而连片种植、重茬栽培等条件下容易滋生病菌,尤其是随着我国保护地蔬菜生产规模的扩大,棚室内的温湿度条件更利于病害的发生与流行,黄瓜生产上面临着严重的病虫害威胁,包括生理性病害、感染性病害及虫害等。本文从抗病品种选育的角度分析了黄瓜病害抗病品种选育技术,并简要介绍了其他防治方法,展望了相关研究的发展方向,为黄瓜病虫害的防治提供参考。     

Comparison of flagellin and an oil-emulsion adjuvant in inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine in stimulation of immunogenic parameters

The present study was designed to investigate the potential application of native (N) and recombinant (truncated modified [tmFliC] and full-length [flFliC]) flagellin proteins along with inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Fifty six SPF chickens were immunized twice with PBS (control), inactivated NDV (Ag), inactivated NDV/flFliC (AgF), inactivated NDV/tmFliC (AgT), inactivated NDV/N (AgN), commercial vaccine containing Montanide (Vac) and Vac/N (VacN), with a two-week interval. Blood was collected weekly and spleens were harvested after chickens were sacrificed. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Antibody response was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Cellular activity was quantified by MTT assay. Results showed that the most IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression was observed in AgF group (P < 0.01). The lowest gene expression among vaccinated groups was observed in Ag group for IL-6 and Ag and Vac group for TNF-α. The highest HI titer was observed in Vac, VacN, AgF and AgT groups. The AgF group showed the highest cellular activity (P < 0.01). In conclusion, flagellin-adjuvanted groups showed a pro-inflammatory effect and acted similarly to or better than the Vac group. Hence, flagellin can be proposed as a potential adjuvant for ND vaccine.     

不同乳酸菌组合对苜蓿青贮细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨不同乳酸菌互作对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青贮细菌群落结构的影响，以2种植物乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌及凝结芽孢杆菌形成的6种乳酸菌组合按1.5 mL·kg^-1的添加量制作苜蓿青贮，以等量蒸馏水替代添加剂作为对照，45 d后运用高通量测序分析细菌群落结构。结果表明，各苜蓿青贮的优势乳酸菌群均为厚壁菌门（Firmicates）的乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和片球菌属（Pediococcus），二者相对丰度之和为65.4%~79.0%，其中含植物乳杆菌处理高于对照和含凝结芽孢杆菌处理；与对照相比，乳酸菌组合处理提高了菌群Chao1和ACE指数但降低了Simpson和Shannon指数；6个乳酸菌组合处理中，含凝结芽孢杆菌处理组与对照相似性较高，对苜蓿青贮细菌群落影响较小；相关分析表明，苜蓿青贮菌群结构和多样性可较好地解释其营养品质的变化。综上，乳酸菌组合在一定程度上改善了苜蓿青贮的细菌群落结构，其中含植物乳杆菌的组合效果较好。     

马铃薯致病疫霉拮抗细菌研究进展

为了解决马铃薯致病疫霉侵染马铃薯导致其死亡,进而造成马铃薯单位种植产量低的问题。本文从拮抗菌入手,归纳分析细菌类拮抗菌中的主要拮抗菌中芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和粘细菌对马铃薯致病疫霉的抑制作用。同时,在总结前人研究的基础上,笔者认为在拮抗菌应用方面,可以采用多对一的新型平板对峙筛菌模式来模拟复杂条件下拮抗菌的拮抗作用,以期得到稳定的拮抗菌;并指出应从定植能力和根际微生物影响方面对拮抗菌实际应用的可行性进行研究;此外,提出未来对拮抗菌抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的探究应从表型层面的研究深入到分子层面,以期能成功从源头找寻抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的答案。     

几种化学杀菌剂对茭白胡麻叶斑病的控制效果

为筛选出高效低毒并对作物安全的防治药剂,为茭白胡麻叶斑病的田间防治提供科学依据,选择7种常用杀菌剂进行田间药效试验,测定7种药剂对‘余茭4号’茭白胡麻叶斑病的防治效果。结果表明,供试7种杀菌剂中,12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂的防效在用药7 d和14 d后达64.0%和55.67%,在7种杀菌剂防效中表现最优,同时12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂处理的茭白与对照处理在株高上无显著差异,且植株的分蘖数显著高于对照。因此,推荐12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂为茭白胡麻叶斑病发生初期使用的杀菌剂。     

海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌毒素蛋白基因检测与致病性分析

Cassiicolin毒素蛋白是橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌的主要致病因子。本研究对分离自海南省5个市县的橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌进行了鉴定,形态学鉴定结合分子生物学鉴定结果表明,病原菌为多主棒孢。利用Cassiicolin毒素不同亚型编码基因特异性引物和菌饼活体接种法分别鉴定了分离菌株的毒素蛋白类型和致病性,结果显示,分离的35个菌株都含有Cas5基因,未发现含其他类型的毒素基因,表明海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌为含Cas5毒素蛋白优势群体;所有菌株对橡胶树品种‘RRIM600’都能够致病,但是在不同抗性品种上致病性存在一定差异。     

烟草青枯病生防菌的筛选及其田间防效评价

为筛选出对烟草青枯病有效防治的生防菌,通过稀释涂布法从烟株根际土壤分离到一株具有明显拮抗作用的菌株69-1,经16S rDNA鉴定该菌株为壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis),并用该菌株进行烟草青枯病田间防治试验。结果表明,与对照相比,经菌株69-1处理烟株茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶宽、最大叶长、上中下部烟叶单叶干重、最大叶面积、产量均显著增加,且对烟草青枯病的相对防效达60.42%,同时对不同处理组的初烤烟叶进行化学成分的检测分析,发现菌株69-1处理相对于对照组烟叶品质更佳。该菌株菌剂处理不仅可以提高烟株对烟草青枯病的防效,而且还提高烟叶品质和产量,可为烟草青枯病生物防治提供一定参考。     

欧美国家针叶树容器苗生产与启示

针叶树是芬兰、瑞典、挪威、美国、加拿大等欧美国家主要的商品林树种。容器苗是针叶树重要的育苗类型。与裸根苗比较，容器苗具有育苗周期更短、造林季节可延长、苗木适应性更广、苗木质量更一致的优点。因此，容器育苗成为精准林业发展的必然趋势。为了借鉴欧美容器育苗的技术方法，提高我国容器苗的质量，为我国针叶树容器苗发展提供参考，文中主要从4个方面综述了欧美国家检测与提高苗木质量的方法，即列举了针叶树常用的苗木质量检测指标，总结了育苗容器与育苗基质的改良进展，介绍了养分、水分、光照与温度等培养条件的优化手段，简要概述了容器苗病虫害防控的进展，提出了我国相关树种容器苗生产的启示与借鉴。     

Isolation of Streptococcus cuniculi from corneal lesion in laboratory-raised mice

Corneal lesions appearing as white mass beneath intact epithelium, with ocular discharge in one mouse, was observed in a batch of laboratory-raised BALB/c mice (n=9 of 56). The affected mice remained active, well-groomed and had normal appetite. Isolates recovered from swab cultures of the external and internal contents of the eye had partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of 99.1% similarity to Streptococcus cuniculi. No previous report of S. cuniculi infection in laboratory rodents has been presented. The isolate was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. We suggest S. cuniculi is an opportunistic bacteria in laboratory mice but are uncertain of its source. Our findings revealed that S. cuniculi is able to colonize laboratory mice and should be considered when mice present with eye lesion or ocular discharge.     

Temporal and spatial progress of the diseases caused by the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus and the begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus in tomatoes in Brazil

Efficient management of whitefly-borne diseases remains a challenge due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiology, particularly of the diseases tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellowing. Here, by monitoring 16 plots in four commercial fields, the temporal and spatial distribution of these two diseases were studied in tomato fields in Brazil. In the experimental plots these diseases were caused by tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), respectively. The incidence of each virus was similar in the plots within a field but varied greatly among fields. Plants with symptoms for both diseases were randomly distributed in three of four spatial analyses. The curves representing the progress of both diseases were similar and contained small fluctuations, indicating that the spread of both viruses was similar under field conditions. In transmission experiments of ToSRV and ToCV by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B), these viruses had a similar transmission rate in single or mixed infections. It was then shown that primary and secondary spread of ToCV were not efficiently controlled by insecticide applications. Finally, in a typical monomolecular model of disease progress, simulation of the primary dissemination of ToSRV and ToCV showed that infected plants were predominantly randomly distributed. It is concluded that, although the manner of vector transmission differs between ToSRV (persistent) and ToCV (semipersistent), the main dispersal mechanisms are most probably similar for these two diseases: primary spread is the predominant mechanism, and epidemics of these diseases have been caused by several influxes of viruliferous whiteflies.