黄海玉筋鱼繁殖习性的初步研究

1999~2004年来,对黄海玉筋鱼渔场变动进行了全年跟踪调查。产卵期对沿海小型流动渔具及定置张网渔业进行了调查,研究其繁殖习性。研究结果表明,在黄海35N°以北近海,存在着范围很广的玉筋鱼产卵场,主要产卵场有3处,各自相互隔离。本文主要以北部产卵场为重点,开展该鱼繁殖习性的研究。北部产卵场玉筋鱼产卵盛期为11月,Ⅳ~V期卵巢内相同卵径的频率分布十分集中,为明显的单峰型,属一次性产卵类型。1龄玉筋鱼95%以上性成熟,作为小型鱼种,个体绝对生殖力很高,纯重在1.8~13.8g、体长在90~200mm,个体绝对生殖力一般在0.60~4.20×104粒,个体生殖力随年龄增长而增长。玉筋鱼群体组成简单,生殖群体最高仅为3龄,以1~2龄为主,年度发生量有波动,但不大。过度利用剩余群体以及对幼鱼的破坏,已导致了北部及西部产卵场的发生量连年锐减,实现可持续利用这一资源也是该项研究的重要目的之一。     

不同饵料条件下玉筋鱼摄食、生长和生态转换效率的比较

将Eggers模型移入实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中,采用3种室内可能得到的实验饵料:冷冻细脚长(Themistogra cilipes)、天然成体卤虫(Artemissalina)和小黄鱼糜(Fishsilage),在流水条件下,比较黄渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼(Ammodytepersonatus)对上述3种饵料的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果显示,3种饵料中,虽然玉筋鱼对细脚长的能量生态转换效率较高,但是其湿重摄食量[g/(100g·d)FW]和能量摄食量[kJ/(100g·d)]都比较低,生长情况较差;卤虫的食物生态转换效率较高,湿重摄食量较多、生长情况较好;鱼糜的能量摄食量较多,生长情况介于两者之间,但其生态转换效率均较低。与自然生长的玉筋鱼相比,摄食卤虫的玉筋鱼较接近于自然生长。研究结论认为,室内玉筋鱼的模拟实验,在不能获得自然活体饵料的情况下,卤虫不失为一个理想的选择。     

Pacific sand lance of the Port Moller estuary, southeastern Bering Sea: an estuarine^dependent early life history

Three waves of spawning Pacific sand lance (Ammo-dytes hexapterus) entered the Port Moller estuary from mid-January to late May 1990. Each wave laid its eggs on sand in lower Moller Bay with the center of egg distribution about 14 km inside the estuary. After incubation for 45 to 94 d, each cohort of eggs hatched out over a 41- to 63-d period. Larvae moved at a rate of 0.21 knvd“¹ toward a deep fjordlike basin at the head of Herendeen Bay inside the estuary about 20 km southwest of the center of hatch. The basin has the lowest flushing rate of the estuary, and unlike the rest of Port Moller, it is vertically stratified, which allows the development of a spring-summer zooplankton community with greater biomass than any other location in the estuary. Larvae may have moved to the basin to enhance growth or to avoid offshore transport to areas of low food abundance, but we cannot demonstrate a direct link between growth and habitat. We conclude that the Port Moller sand lance stock has an estuarine early life history that evolved in response to the unique physical conditions of the Port Moller estuary–a shallow, well-mixed site with sandy substrate that is suitable for incubation of demersal eggs next to a deep, vertically stratified fjord with a rich zooplankton community that is suitable for rearing of larvae.     

温度对玉筋鱼摄食排空率的影响

在室内实验室玻璃钢水槽中，以细长脚蜮为饵料，研究了黄、东海主要小型鱼类玉筋鱼的不同温度条件下的摄食排空率。结果表明，玉筋鱼的摄食排空率随着温度的升高而有所增加；通过比较指数函数和二次多项式函数的模拟结果表明，玉筋鱼的摄食排空率与温度的关系更适合于用二次多项式函数Rt=-0．0008T^2 0．0419T-0．3834(R^2=0．9820)加以定量描述。     

Effect of temperature, age class, and growth on induction of aestivation in Japanese sandeel (Ammodytes personatus) in Ise Bay, central Japan

We investigated the effects of temperature, age class, and growth on induction of aestivation in the Japanese sandeel (Ammodytes personatus) by means of rearing experiments and field surveys in Ise Bay, central Japan. Acoustic surveys and sampling of shoaling and aestivating sandeels indicated that the sandeels completed aestivation when the water temperature increased to 17–20°C. A rearing experiment showed that the mortality of sandeels reared without sand was greater than it was with sand, under replete feeding conditions. In a non‐aestivation rearing experiment without sand, the condition factor of the sandeels decreased when water temperatures exceeded 20°C, although they were fed to repletion. These results suggest that aestivation is induced by rising seawater temperature and plays an important role in energy conservation. The age‐1 group tended to start aestivation earlier than the age‐0 group in the field. Within the age‐0 group, larger sandeels tended to enter aestivation earlier. These observations indicate that fat reserves are an important cue to start aestivation.     

两种玉筋鱼形态学与生物学特征比较

对采自日本北海道宗谷近海的玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)和北方玉筋鱼(A.hexaperus)进行了部分形态学和生物学特征的分析比较.2种玉筋鱼在体长体质量关系式、性腺成熟系数等生物学特征上存在显著差异,单因子方差分析表明,2种玉筋鱼的脊椎骨数存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),但有较高的重叠率(70%).采用耳石角度对2种玉筋鱼进行研究,发现玉筋鱼耳石角度的平均值[(86.8±0.4)°]显著小于北方玉筋鱼[(93.0±0.5)°](P＜0.05).利用耳石角度对2种土筋鱼的判别准确率较高,平均为84.3%,可以作为鉴别2种玉筋鱼的1个形态学参数.     

Density and sound-speed contrasts,and target strength of Japanese sandeel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes personatus</Emphasis>

Sound-speed and density contrasts (h and g, respectively), important acoustic material properties, of Japanese sandeel Ammodytes personatus were measured to estimate theoretical target strength (TS). The measured sound-speed contrast of adult fish varied between 1.016 and 1.023 (mean 1.020), and showed temperature dependence. The measured density contrast differed significantly between juvenile and adult. The density contrast of juvenile varied between 1.017 and 1.024 (1.021), and that of adult varied between 1.026 and 1.038 (1.032). Using these results, TS at 38 and 120 kHz in the fishing season were estimated by an empirical sound scattering model. TS of an individual fish varied significantly with change of tilt angle. TS of near-dorsal aspect (TS_max) and tilt-averaged TS (TS_ave) differed by up to 7 dB. At both frequencies, two different TS_ave−length relationships (TS_ave = a log L + b) were obtained for adult and juvenile. The coefficients of log L of adult were close to 20, suggesting that backscattering strength was proportional to square of body length. These values were larger in juvenile (34.0 at 120 kHz, 56.5 at 38 kHz), suggesting that backscattering strength varied drastically with the cube or fifth power of body length.     

黄海玉筋鱼资源及其可持续利用

近几年来,玉筋鱼(Ａｍｍｏｄｙｔｅｓｐｅｒｓｏｎａｔｕｓ)已成为黄海的一种重要中上层渔业资源,由于过度捕捞,这一资源目前已呈现衰退。该鱼种在伏秋两季潜沙,冬季进入沿岸浅水产卵,均不能形成大规模的渔汛,汛期仅在春末夏初。围绕我国渔业生产,对重要渔业资源进行渔业生物学研究已有数十年的历史[1],研究玉筋鱼的生物学及生态学特征,阐明目前资源衰退的原因和过程,提出确实可行的合理捕捞措施,以实现玉筋鱼资源的可持续利用。1　材料和方法1.1　材料1999-2003年以来,产卵场样品均取自长山列岛近岸的定置张网。索饵场样品逐月取自青岛…     

配合饲料和冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化和脂质代谢的影响

为探讨2种不同饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化及脂质代谢的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(191.47±3.70)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼10 542尾,随机分成2个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复1757尾,分别投喂商品专用配合饲料和冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼,养殖75 d。结果显示,冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)、饲料系数(FCR)及全鱼脂肪含量显著高于商品专用配合饲料组,肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)显著低于商品专用配合饲料组,存活率(SR)和蛋白质效率(PER)与商品专用配合饲料组差异不显著。商品专用配合饲料组的甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组;而谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性显著高于冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组。相对冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼而言,商品专用配合饲料组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的活性显著降低,脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性显著升高,但是苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-Ⅱ(CPT-Ⅱ)在2组饲料间差异不显著。研究表明,在本实验条件下,冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼更适合投喂珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼,商品专用配合饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼肝脏产生了不利的影响,因此,建议参考冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼优质的营养特性,优化和调整珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的营养配方。