配合饲料和冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化和脂质代谢的影响

为探讨2种不同饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化及脂质代谢的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(191.47±3.70)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼10 542尾,随机分成2个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复1757尾,分别投喂商品专用配合饲料和冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼,养殖75 d。结果显示,冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)、饲料系数(FCR)及全鱼脂肪含量显著高于商品专用配合饲料组,肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)显著低于商品专用配合饲料组,存活率(SR)和蛋白质效率(PER)与商品专用配合饲料组差异不显著。商品专用配合饲料组的甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组;而谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性显著高于冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼组。相对冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼而言,商品专用配合饲料组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的活性显著降低,脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性显著升高,但是苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-Ⅱ(CPT-Ⅱ)在2组饲料间差异不显著。研究表明,在本实验条件下,冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼更适合投喂珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼,商品专用配合饲料对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼肝脏产生了不利的影响,因此,建议参考冰鲜太平洋玉筋鱼优质的营养特性,优化和调整珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的营养配方。     

不同饵料条件下玉筋鱼摄食、生长和生态转换效率的比较

将Eggers模型移入实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中,采用3种室内可能得到的实验饵料:冷冻细脚长(Themistogra cilipes)、天然成体卤虫(Artemissalina)和小黄鱼糜(Fishsilage),在流水条件下,比较黄渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼(Ammodytepersonatus)对上述3种饵料的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果显示,3种饵料中,虽然玉筋鱼对细脚长的能量生态转换效率较高,但是其湿重摄食量[g/(100g·d)FW]和能量摄食量[kJ/(100g·d)]都比较低,生长情况较差;卤虫的食物生态转换效率较高,湿重摄食量较多、生长情况较好;鱼糜的能量摄食量较多,生长情况介于两者之间,但其生态转换效率均较低。与自然生长的玉筋鱼相比,摄食卤虫的玉筋鱼较接近于自然生长。研究结论认为,室内玉筋鱼的模拟实验,在不能获得自然活体饵料的情况下,卤虫不失为一个理想的选择。     

黄海玉筋鱼资源及其可持续利用

近几年来,玉筋鱼(Ａｍｍｏｄｙｔｅｓｐｅｒｓｏｎａｔｕｓ)已成为黄海的一种重要中上层渔业资源,由于过度捕捞,这一资源目前已呈现衰退。该鱼种在伏秋两季潜沙,冬季进入沿岸浅水产卵,均不能形成大规模的渔汛,汛期仅在春末夏初。围绕我国渔业生产,对重要渔业资源进行渔业生物学研究已有数十年的历史[1],研究玉筋鱼的生物学及生态学特征,阐明目前资源衰退的原因和过程,提出确实可行的合理捕捞措施,以实现玉筋鱼资源的可持续利用。1　材料和方法1.1　材料1999-2003年以来,产卵场样品均取自长山列岛近岸的定置张网。索饵场样品逐月取自青岛…     

黄海的玉筋鱼资源及其渔业

<正> 玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus Girard)为冷温性小型鱼类,我国的渤海、黄海北部及朝、韩、日、俄远东海区都有玉筋鱼分布。近二年来,在黄海北部生产玉筋鱼的规模迅速扩大。1999年,我们在荣成市石岛渔港、青岛市沿岸渔村对来自不同渔场的拖网卸港船只及沿岸挂子网作业渔船的生产情况作了一些调查研究,并对不同渔场、不同渔期的渔获物作了多批生物学测定,结合历史记载,我们对黄海的玉筋鱼资源及玉筋鱼渔业有了以下初步了解和认识。     

黄海区玉筋鱼体长和体重的关系

利用2001年春汛期间黄海区拖网和沿岸定置网玉筋鱼体长和体重资料用三种方法进行拟合,结果表明:预报性回归法所换算的体重值最接近实测值,玉筋鱼体长和体重的关系为Wt=0 7×10-5×L2 9244t(r=0 9673)。     

象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的耳石形态分析

为探讨蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)的耳石形态学特征,实现以耳石形态学方法科学划分蓝点马鲛种群,依据2016年4~7月在象山港采集的113 ind蓝点马鲛繁殖群体的102对矢耳石尺寸参数,计算出了环率、圆度、椭圆率、矩形趋近率、纵横比、形态因子、半径比和面密度等8个耳石形态指标;运用单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)、非参数多维标度分析(NMDS)和相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)研究了象山港蓝点马鲛耳石形态的个体差异。结果显示,象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体左、右耳石以及雌、雄个体间的耳石形态不存在显著性差异(P0.05);4个年龄组间的耳石形态差异显著(P0.05),年龄组两两之间耳石形态的差异均达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。研究结果表明,以耳石形态学方法判别蓝点马鲛种群需要考虑样本的年龄因素,以同一年龄的繁殖群体为宜;造成象山港蓝点马鲛繁殖群体不同年龄组耳石形态差异的可能原因,一是同一种群或群系蓝点马鲛的耳石形态会随着年龄的增长而发生相对变化,呈现出不稳定的状态,二是象山港是多个蓝点马鲛种群或地理群系共同的产卵场,年龄组间的差异来源于群体间的耳石形态差异。     

室内模拟条件下的胃含物法测定玉筋鱼摄食与生态转换效率

研究在室内大型玻璃钢水槽中进行 ,在流水条件下 ,以卤虫幼体为饵料 ,应用Eggers模型研究了黄、东海主要小型经济鱼类玉筋鱼(Ammodytespersonatus)的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果表明 ,玉筋鱼体重与空消化道重量的关系可用指数函数W =0 .2 71e79.984·ESW加以定量描述 ,通过这一定量关系 ,可推导出其瞬时全消化道内含物量计算公式为St=1 0 0× [SW -(LnW +1 .30 5) / 79.984] /W ;全消化道内含物随时间变化的拟合曲线为St=1 .784e 0 .2 1 4t,公式两边取负对数可求得瞬时排空率为 0 .2 1 4g/ 1 0 0 g·h (W .W .) ;按Eggers模型可求得日摄食量为 2 2 .53g/ 1 0 0g·d (W .W .)或 60 .1 4kJ/ 1 0 0 g·d ;从玉筋鱼的平均日生长量实测值为 3.45g/ 1 0 0 g·d (W .W .)或 2 2 .94kJ/ 1 0 0 g·d,可求得其生态转换效率为 1 5.34 % (W .W .)或 38 1 4 %kJ。     

叶尔羌高原鳅耳石形态探究及群体判别分析

进一步开展叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)不同地理群体分类判别、探明耳石与鱼类生活史的相关机制,本研究基于耳石形态学和鱼类生态学方法,对叶尔羌河、和田河和塔里木河的734尾叶尔羌高原鳅耳石与鱼体的形态指标进行了统计分析。结果显示,叶尔羌高原鳅耳石较小,左右微耳石形态无显著差异(P>0.05);叶尔羌高原鳅耳石形态指标与体长、体质量呈对数函数关系,R2范围在0.48~0.62;采用鱼体形态学、耳石形态测量法和椭圆傅里叶分析法分别对两两群体进行判别分析,和田河群体与塔里木河群体判别准确率分别为96.0%、61.4%和82.2%,叶尔羌河群体与和田河群体判别准确率分别为93.0%、79.5%和87.9%,叶尔羌河群体与塔里木河群体判别准确率分别为96.5%、77.5%和86.8%。叶尔羌高原鳅耳石形态与鱼体生长的关系极大程度地反映了其个体发育对栖息环境的适应性,且不同地理群体叶尔羌高原鳅耳石形态特征存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究将耳石形态学首次应用于叶尔羌高原鳅种群的鉴别分析,为进一步开展高原鳅属进化分类提供参考,为高原渔业种质资源保护提供了科学依据。     

不同规格玉筋鱼的营养分析与评价

为了解玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)的营养价值,系统分析了3种不同规格玉筋鱼的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和无机元素组成。结果显示,样品规格越小,其水分、灰分和粗蛋白含量越高,粗脂肪含量越低。17种被检出的水解氨基酸中含量最高的4种氨基酸分别为谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸,并且规格越小,水解氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量越高;根据氨基酸评分分析结果可知,玉筋鱼的第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸;根据化学评分可知,其第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸),第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸;其必需氨基酸指数分别为90.75、85.74和86.04。不同规格样品的脂肪酸组成有明显的差异,饱和脂肪酸含量由小到大分别为41.71、60.68和69.31 mg/g,单不饱和脂肪酸分别为31.81、65.03和103.91 mg/g,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)分别为83.17、110.71和109.39 mg/g,并且规格越大,C20:5 n3占PUFA的比例越高,C22:6 n3占PUFA的比例越低。玉筋鱼富含人体所需的多种无机元素,常量元素中Na和K含量最高,微量元素中Fe和Zn的含量最高。研究表明,玉筋鱼是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类。     

黄海玉筋鱼生物学特性的年际变化

鱼类的生长和死亡参数是实行渔业资源评估和管理的基础。根据2002—2018年在黄海采集的玉筋鱼（）样品，本研究估测了玉筋鱼在3个渔业利用时期（2000年代初、2000年代末和2010年代末，在此分别称为早期、中期、近期）的生长和死亡参数。结果显示玉筋鱼生物学特性发生了显著的变化，优势体长组由早期的130~150 mm减小到近期的80~110 mm；优势体重组由早、中期较为均匀的分布变为近期的以小个体为主；优势年龄组从早期的2龄个体变为近期的当年生个体。玉筋鱼3个时期的von Bertalanffy生长方程的极限体长（分别为0.31、0.42、0.47。残差平方和分析显示中期与近期的生长方程之间差异显著（<0.05），与早期和中期相比，近期极限体长下降，生长速率上升。玉筋鱼近期春季、夏季和冬季的肥满度与早期相比均出现了下降。3个时期总死亡率（）分别为0.35、0.44和0.50。玉筋鱼自大规模开发至今经历了过度开发并且趋向于低龄化、小型化，这一变化可能是过度捕捞导致的。     

Density and sound-speed contrasts,and target strength of Japanese sandeel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes personatus</Emphasis>

Sound-speed and density contrasts (h and g, respectively), important acoustic material properties, of Japanese sandeel Ammodytes personatus were measured to estimate theoretical target strength (TS). The measured sound-speed contrast of adult fish varied between 1.016 and 1.023 (mean 1.020), and showed temperature dependence. The measured density contrast differed significantly between juvenile and adult. The density contrast of juvenile varied between 1.017 and 1.024 (1.021), and that of adult varied between 1.026 and 1.038 (1.032). Using these results, TS at 38 and 120 kHz in the fishing season were estimated by an empirical sound scattering model. TS of an individual fish varied significantly with change of tilt angle. TS of near-dorsal aspect (TS_max) and tilt-averaged TS (TS_ave) differed by up to 7 dB. At both frequencies, two different TS_ave−length relationships (TS_ave = a log L + b) were obtained for adult and juvenile. The coefficients of log L of adult were close to 20, suggesting that backscattering strength was proportional to square of body length. These values were larger in juvenile (34.0 at 120 kHz, 56.5 at 38 kHz), suggesting that backscattering strength varied drastically with the cube or fifth power of body length.     

Effect of temperature, age class, and growth on induction of aestivation in Japanese sandeel (Ammodytes personatus) in Ise Bay, central Japan

We investigated the effects of temperature, age class, and growth on induction of aestivation in the Japanese sandeel (Ammodytes personatus) by means of rearing experiments and field surveys in Ise Bay, central Japan. Acoustic surveys and sampling of shoaling and aestivating sandeels indicated that the sandeels completed aestivation when the water temperature increased to 17–20°C. A rearing experiment showed that the mortality of sandeels reared without sand was greater than it was with sand, under replete feeding conditions. In a non‐aestivation rearing experiment without sand, the condition factor of the sandeels decreased when water temperatures exceeded 20°C, although they were fed to repletion. These results suggest that aestivation is induced by rising seawater temperature and plays an important role in energy conservation. The age‐1 group tended to start aestivation earlier than the age‐0 group in the field. Within the age‐0 group, larger sandeels tended to enter aestivation earlier. These observations indicate that fat reserves are an important cue to start aestivation.     

Comparison of spatial distribution models to predict subtidal burying habitat of the forage fish Ammodytes personatus in the Strait of Georgia,British Columbia,Canada

1. The Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) is a key forage species for many commercially important fish (e.g. salmon and groundfish), marine birds, and whales found in nearshore coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada.
2. Sand lance lack a swim bladder and have a requirement for low-silt, medium-coarse sandy sea-bed habitat for burying. Little information is available describing the distribution of burying habitat, partly because there are no commercial fisheries for A. personatus in British Columbia.
3. This information is required by habitat and wildlife managers to identify and protect uncommon patches of burying habitats from detrimental activities, including dredging, infilling, and oil spills.
4. In this study, habitat distribution results from five suitability modelling algorithms were evaluated: maximum entropy, generalized linear model, generalized additive model, random forest, and an ensemble model of the latter three.
5. The maximum entropy model had the highest performance score (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.78) and was selected as the model that most accurately identified the presence of suitable A. personatus burying habitat.
6. Model results indicate that suitable burying habitat is primarily influenced by derived sea-bed substrate, distance to estuary, distance to sand-gravel beaches, and bottom sea temperature.
7. Overall, the spatial modelling identified only 105 km² of highly suitable sand lance burying habitat, or 2.6% of the study area (0–150 m), primarily in Haro Strait, along the east coast of Vancouver Island, and in northern regions of the strait near Cortes, Savary, and Harwood islands.
8. Identification of this uncommon and patchy burying habitat will contribute to the ongoing conservation of an important coastal prey species.

     

长脂拟鲿年龄与生长研究

研究长脂拟鲿的年龄和生长特征,为开展其人工养殖、种质鉴定以及资源的利用与保护提供基础资料。样品鱼于2013年2-10月采自贵州境内沅江水系氵舞阳河,共193尾,体长94~209 mm、体重9.7~59.2 g。以脊椎骨、匙骨、鳃盖骨、胸鳍棘等为年龄鉴定材料,研究了长脂拟鲿的年龄和生长特性,阐述年轮特征,计算了相对生长率、瞬时生长率、生长常数、生长指标等生长参数。脊椎骨椎体的年轮标志最清晰,其各个生长年带的径向宽度近似相等,为长脂拟鲿年龄鉴定的理想材料;脊椎骨椎体年轮为疏密型年轮,年轮形成的时间为3-7月。氵舞阳河长脂拟鲿渔获物年龄组成为1~8龄,2~4龄为优势年龄组,占总样本量的84.97%。长脂拟鲿体长与脊椎骨轮径关系的拟合方程为L=60.91R+65.709,体长与体重关系的拟合方程为W=0.00074 L2.0935。von Bertalanfy、Gompertz和Logistic生长方程对长脂拟鲿体长、体重生长的拟合度均较高(r~20.98),以von Bertalanfy生长方程拟合度最高。长脂拟鲿von Bertalanfy生长方程为:L_t=364.32[1-e~(-0.058(t+4.001))],W_t=170.49[1-e~(-0.058(t+3.994))]2.0935。生长拐点年龄为8.73龄,拐点年龄时体长、体重分别为190.22 mm、43.74 g。长脂拟鲿生长可以划分为1~5龄、6~7龄两个不同的生长阶段。长脂拟鲿属生长缓慢鱼类,其生长为异速生长。     

Interannual decrease in condition factor of the western sand lance Ammodytes japonicus in Japan in the last decade: Evidence for food‐limited decline of the catch

Annual catch of the western sand lance Ammodytes japonicus in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan, has shown a decreasing trend since the 1990s. To examine whether food shortage was the main cause for the catch decrease, we investigated the condition factor of the age‐0 fish at the beginning of the estivation period (late July) in Harima‐Nada, eastern Seto Inland Sea, for 10 years from 2008 to 2017. The mean abundance of copepods as food for the age‐0 fish during the fish growth period (from February to June) around the estivation area was also determined. The condition factor showed a significant decrease, and values for 2011 and later years were mostly lower than the known minimum threshold (4.2) for maturation. In the recent 4 years from 2013 to 2016, the mean copepod abundance was much lower than values for the other years. The condition factor showed a significant positive correlation with the copepod abundance. These results indicate that decline of western sand lance catch after 1990 was caused mainly by food shortage.     

Winter longitudinal variation in the body size of larval fishes in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

This study revealed the spatial variation in abundance and body size of larval fishes in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, in January 2014 and 2015. Fish larvae were collected by a 1.3-m-diameter ring net towed at the surface and at 10-m depth at 21 stations. The most dominant species was the sandlance Ammodytes japonicus, constituting 82% of total larval fish caught. The body size of A. japonicus was greater [ca. 9 mm total length (TL) in 2014] in eastern areas than in western areas (ca. 5 mm TL in 2014). This trend was also observed in rockfishes (Sebastiscus marmoratus and Sebastes inermis species complex), suggesting a common phenomenon in this region. Because the water temperature was lower in eastern areas, it is likely that the longitudinal differences in larval body size are attributable to earlier spawning in eastern areas caused by different temperature conditions.     

山东北部沿海幼鱼种类组成特征的研究

2008年5月—2009年9月通过双船拖网采样,对山东北部沿海28个站位进行了调查,分析研究了该海域的幼鱼种类组成及优势种。调查结果表明,该海域共出现幼鱼75种,属14目41科65属,以底层鱼类为主要组成,占总种类数的78.67%;优势种有鳀鱼、方氏云鳚、玉筋鱼、黄鲫、蓝点马鲛、小黄鱼、矛尾刺鱼叚虎鱼等;幼鱼种类组成具有显著的季节变化,但年间变化较小。     

Audiogram measurement based on the auditory brainstem response for juvenile Japanese sand lance <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes personatus</Emphasis>

In this study, the auditory thresholds for juvenile Japanese sand lance Ammodytes personatus were measured based on its auditory brainstem response (ABR). The amplitude of the ABR waveforms to a sound stimulus were larger than that of the electric background noise caused by general brainwaves and myogenic signals after the averaging procedure. Japanese sand lance responded to low frequency sounds between 128 Hz and 512 Hz with a sound pressure level of 115–125 dB. As the test frequency decreased, so did the auditory threshold level, and the level was about 116 dB at 128 Hz and 181 Hz. These results indicate that Japanese sand lance can detect low frequency sound but are less sensitive than other fish species. These high thresholds are probably caused by the lack of a swim bladder.