台盼蓝活体染色法观察瓦氏黄颡鱼血脾屏障研究

为探讨瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)脾脏组织结构和血脾屏障位置,该研究对其脾脏进行了形态大小、组织学和活体染色观察。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼的脾脏位于腹腔中部,呈暗红色,脾体指数为0.120%~0.273%;对健康脾脏制备石蜡切片,分别进行HE染色和改良James染色,显微镜观察发现其脾组织主要由不发达的被膜系统、分界不清的红髓和白髓及由网状纤维和胶原纤维组成的纤维支架构成。其中网状纤维主要位于脾索和椭球体周围,胶原纤维主要位于脾索;使用台盼蓝活体染色法对健康瓦氏黄颡鱼的血脾屏障部位和功能探索发现,台盼蓝主要位于脾脏的椭球体内皮细胞中,最早出现在注射后的第4小时,随时间推移在椭球体内逐渐累积,24 h后数量显著增加,并持续增加至第72小时。结果表明椭球体内皮细胞是血脾屏障的重要组成成分。     

土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展

土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。     

考虑水头损失的管道灌溉分水口轮灌分组优化模型

【目的】优化灌溉系统中分水口轮灌分组的灌溉制度,在满足流量要求的条件下节约电能。【方法】提出了在考虑水头损失时不同分水口状态与管道进口压力的关系模型,该模型利用分水口开关0,1状态作为自变量,从管道末端起利用推导的递推公式求出管道进水口的等效水头损失系数。依据该模型,在定流量分组轮灌优化中得到为使分组轮灌功率最小的目标函数。利用遗传算法对上述问题进行了优化求解,并给出了编码方案。【结果】在分水口等间隔布置时,轮灌分组按轮灌分组数等间隔安排所需功率最小,优化后的水头损失系数可以减小到没有优化前的0.772倍。【结论】本研究模型不仅适用于恒定流量的组合优化,也可应用于不同分水口的所需水量不同的随机灌溉以及恒压供水的优化中。     

小球藻遗传转化技术研究进展

小球藻( Chlorella )是一种单细胞真核藻类,属绿藻门、绿藻纲、绿球藻目、小球藻科、小球藻属 [1] 。作为最早开发的真核微藻之一,具有高营养价值、生长快速、结构简单、易工业化集成等显著优点。其细胞形态为球形或椭圆形,直径3~12 μm,呈单生或聚集成群状生长 [2] ,分布广泛,多见于淡水、咸水和土壤中。作为地球上最早的生命之一,小球藻基因比较稳定,至今未见有关其基因自发突变的报道。因其富含蛋白质、脂质、维生素、活性代谢产物等多种营养物质而被公认为具有高附加值和医疗保健作用,已经被广泛应用于保健食品 [3] 、水产养殖 [4] 、生物能源 [5] 等方面,关于小球藻生物技术的研究主要集中在基因组学 [6] 、分子遗传学 [7] 、代谢机理 [8] 、大规模培养 [9] 等方向。     

Threats to at-risk salmonids of the Canadian Rocky Mountain region

Trout and charr, members of the salmonid family, have high conservation value but are also susceptible to anthropogenic threats in part due to the specificity of their habitat requirements. Understanding historical and future threats facing these species is necessary to promote their recovery. Of freshwater trout and charr in the Canadian Rocky Mountain region, westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus; a charr species) and Athabasca rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are of conservation concern. And indeed, range contractions and declining populations are evident throughout much of their ranges. Range contraction was most evident in the southern Alberta designatable unit (DU) of westslope cutthroat trout. Diminished populations were also evident in the downstream watersheds of the Alberta bull trout range, and throughout the Athabasca rainbow trout range. We assessed historical and future threats to evaluate the relative importance of individual threats to each DU and compare their impact among species. Individual threats fall into the broad categories of angling, non-native species and genes, habitat loss and alteration, and climate change. Severity of each threat varies by DU and reflects the interaction between species’ biology and the location of the DU. Severity of threats facing each DU has changed over time, reflecting extirpation of native populations, changes in management and industry best practices, expansion of non-native species and progressing climate change. The overall threat impact for each DU indicates a high probability of substantial and continuing declines and calls for immediate action.     

菜心重要农艺性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

菜心是华南地区的主要蔬菜,利用分子标记辅助育种发掘出与重要农艺性状相关的分子,不仅可以加速优良品种的选育进程,还可以定向地优化目标性状,培育出高产优质的菜心品种。本研究选用148份来自宁夏银川和广东南沙田间种植的菜心种质材料,采集株高、株质量、薹高、薹质量和薹粗5个重要农艺性状的数据;利用SSR标记对其进行基因分型,开展农艺性状及SSR标记的关联性分析。结果表明,在供试的菜心材料中,147个SSR标记共检测到252个变异位点,引物多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0526~0.5222,平均值为0.3793;群体结构分析将供试的菜心品种分为2个类群;银川和南沙两地菜心品种在农艺性状和SSR标记的关联分析中发现,有6个位点与相同性状存在仍显著关联(P<0.01)。这些标记能为菜心的分子辅助选择育种提供参考。     

数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

Variability in the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon is explained primarily by when and where they resided in estuarine habitats

Estuarine habitats provide rearing opportunities for the juvenile life stage of anadromous fishes. Because survival is positively correlated with juvenile performance, these estuarine habitats play an important role in population abundance and productivity. To provide information for the recovery of several depressed stocks of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin, we sought to identify the factors that explain variability in performance. Using otolith‐derived estimates of juvenile somatic growth rate as an index of recent performance, we observed a negative nonlinear relationship between growth rate and day of year, and a decreasing and increasing trend of growth rate over the 8 years of this study and distance from the river mouth respectively. Using a generalised linear modelling approach, we found that variability in juvenile somatic growth rate was best explained by where and when individuals were collected, their body size, contaminant loads, stock of origin, and whether a fish was hatchery produced or unmarked. Lastly, we argue that a considerable improvement to the growth rate of juveniles in estuarine habitats is physiologically possible. The results of this 8‐year study provide a baseline of the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon to evaluate habitat restoration programs and to compare against future anthropogenic conditions.     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.