瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾组织学观察与先天性免疫屏障研究

为探明瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)头肾组织结构和先天性免疫屏障,该研究用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法和改良James染色法对瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾的显微结构进行了观察,并使用台盼蓝活体染色法对头肾免疫屏障部位进行了定位。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾由被膜、淋巴细胞聚集区、粒细胞聚集区、前肾间组织、网状纤维和胶原纤维组成,胶原纤维仅在血管外周可见;台盼蓝主要分布于血窦周围的内皮细胞和一些游离的巨噬细胞中,且随时间延长呈递增趋势。研究表明血窦周围的内皮细胞和巨噬细胞组成了瓦氏黄颡鱼的头肾先天性免疫屏障。     

棘胸蛙脾脏的进化水平分析与血脾屏障的组成及功能

为明确棘胸蛙脾脏的进化水平及血脾屏障的组成与功能,采用组织学与电镜技术,酸性α-乙酸萘酚酯酶、酸性磷酸酶及碱性磷酸酶染色,并结合活体注射台盼蓝染液对棘胸蛙脾脏进行了研究。结果显示,棘胸蛙脾脏出现了红髓与白髓的分化,但边界不清,无边缘区结构,未形成动脉周围淋巴鞘与生发中心;椭球体少量分布于红髓与白髓的边界区,未形成椭球周围淋巴鞘。由黑色素巨噬细胞聚集而成的黑色素巨噬细胞中心分散在白髓内部,或包裹于白髓四周。脾脏内细胞对酸性α-乙酸萘酚酯酶染色呈阴性。超微结构观察与台盼蓝活体染色实验结果显示,棘胸蛙的血脾屏障由脾索中的网状细胞及游离的巨噬细胞组成,吞噬过程中酸性磷酸酶呈现出规律性的变化。研究表明,棘胸蛙脾脏的进化处于中等水平,脾脏内已具备血脾屏障结构保障着白髓内环境的稳定。实验结果完善了棘胸蛙脾脏结构与功能的相关研究资料,为深入探索无尾类两栖动物的免疫应答机制提供了依据。     

杂交黄颡鱼、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼的形体指数及肌肉营养组成比较分析

为评估商品规格杂交黄颡鱼的食用营养价值,对杂交黄颡鱼[Pelteobagrus fuividraco(♀)×P.vachelli(♂)]、雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼商品鱼的形体指数、出肉率和肌肉的营养组成、氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果表明,杂交黄颡鱼的肥满度与雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异;杂交黄颡鱼的胴体率、含肉率和脏体比均与雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼及雄性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05)。杂交黄颡鱼肌肉水分含量最高,脂肪含量最低,而蛋白质和灰分含量与雌、雄黄颡鱼均无显著差异;雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中水分、蛋白质和灰分的含量较低,脂肪含量最高;杂交黄颡鱼肌肉的氨基酸总量和7种人体必需氨基酸与黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均显著高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼(P0.05);杂交黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪中C22:6n3的比例和n3系列不饱和脂肪酸总量的比例与雌性黄颡鱼无显著差异(P0.05),但均高于雄性瓦氏黄颡鱼,均低于雄性黄颡鱼。试验表明,杂交黄颡鱼的体形和出肉率与雄性黄颡鱼一致,其肌肉为低脂蛋白食品,营养价值与黄颡鱼接近。     

黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交研究

连续三年对黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交进行了系列研究 ,结果显示黄颡鱼♀和瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交与黄颡鱼自交相比 ,卵的受精率要高 ,而孵化率、出苗率没有明显差异 ,说明黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂之间进行杂交不存在繁殖障碍或繁殖障碍较小     

黄颡鱼人工健康养殖技术

正黄颡鱼属于鲇形目鲿科(亦称鮠科)黄颡鱼属,黄颡鱼属有5个种,即黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼和中间黄颡鱼,当前进行人工养殖的黄颡鱼属品种主要有黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼2种。黄颡鱼具有分布广,适应性强,耐低氧,产量高等特点。在水体中营底层生活,对各类水体适应能力强。黄颡鱼属杂食性鱼类,食谱范围较广,幼鱼以枝角类、桡足     

瓦氏黄颡鱼成熟群体两性差异初步调查

本试验主要对长江重庆段和嘉陵江北碚段性成熟的瓦氏黄颡鱼雌雄个体的数量性状进行了统计分析。结果发现，嘉陵江的雌雄瓦氏黄颡鱼间在体重、体长、全长、体重／体长、体重／全长、体长／体高、全长／体高等指标均有极显著差异，长江的雌雄瓦氏黄颡鱼间体长／体高和全长／体高差异显著。同性别不同水域间的瓦氏黄颡鱼体高、体长／体高和全长／体高均差异显著，而体重、体长和全长均却无显著性差异。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼与长吻鮠杂交养殖试验

瓦氏黄颡鱼俗称江黄颡鱼,主要分布在长江、淮河流域,是黄颡鱼属中个体最大的品种.瓦氏黄颡鱼的上市规格500g/尾以上,养殖周期一般需要3年,雌性则要4年甚至更长时间,严重降低了养殖生产效果和经济效益.本试验希望通过"杂交"手段,培育出"不育"或"全雄"的后代,达到群体生长效果好,外形、口感与瓦氏黄颡鱼接近的"杂交黄颡".     

黄颡鱼(♀)×瓦氏黄颡鱼(♂)双亲及其杂交子代核型和营养成分分析

以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)为母本、瓦氏黄颡鱼(P.vachelli)为父本通过杂交育种获得正常发育的杂交黄颡鱼子代。对黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼及其杂交子代的核型进行了比较,结果显示:黄颡鱼的核型为2n=52,24m+20sm+4st+4t,NF=100;瓦氏黄颡鱼的核型为2n=52,24m+16sm+12st,NF=104;杂交子代的核型为2n=52,24m+20sm+6st+2t,NF=102。杂交子代分别继承了双亲的一套染色体,表明黄颡鱼(♀)×瓦氏黄颡鱼(♂)的杂交子代为真正的杂交种。对杂交黄颡鱼肌肉的营养成分进行了测定,并与双亲的营养成分进行比较。结果显示:杂交黄颡鱼肌肉中水分含量为76.90%,粗蛋白为18.40%,粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为3.70%和1.10%,且粗蛋白含量高于黄颡鱼(15.37%)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(17.15%)。杂交黄颡鱼含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸含量为16.16%,必需氨基酸为6.9%,鲜味氨基酸为6.14%,必需氨基酸指数为72.18。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例依次为杂交黄颡鱼(42.70%)黄颡鱼(41.37%)瓦氏黄颡鱼(39.42%),必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值依次为杂交黄颡鱼(0.72)黄颡鱼(0.71)瓦氏黄颡鱼(0.65),表明杂交黄颡鱼属于优质的营养资源。     

两种杂交黄颡鱼的生长与形态差异分析

为评估两种杂交黄颡鱼生长和形态差异,以黄颡鱼♀与乌苏里拟鲿♂、黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交后代为实验组,全雄黄颡鱼群体为对照组,进行同塘生长对比和形态学测量试验。结果显示,在3个杂交后代群体中,黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交后代在5月龄和8月龄的体质量均显著大于其他两个杂交后代(P0.05),分别为(15.72±7.19)g和(78.09±25.37)g,并且绝对增重率也高于其他两个杂交后代,分别为0.23 g/d和0.70 g/d。对形态特征参数进行单因子方差分析,计算差异系数,其值为0.01~0.65,表明3个杂交后代群体的形态学差异处于种群间水平;主成分分析构建了4个主成分,其贡献率分别为28.52%、17.57%、11.83%、11.29%,累计贡献率为69.23%;同时,利用第一、第二主成分得分绘制散点图,显示黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交后代群体和全雄黄颡鱼群体基本重叠,而黄颡鱼♀与乌苏里拟鲿♂的杂交后代群体偏离了全雄黄颡鱼群体,这一结果在聚类分析中更直观反映出来。由此可见,黄颡鱼♀与瓦氏黄颡鱼♂的杂交后代群体生长速度表现最优,且体形更接近黄颡鱼。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼卵黄脂磷蛋白(Lv)的纯化、性质鉴定及其抗血清的研制

采用凝胶过滤和离子交换两种层析技术,从瓦氏黄颡鱼Ⅳ期卵巢粗提液中分离、纯化出卵黄脂磷蛋白(Lv),采用糖、磷、脂蛋白染色技术验证分离、纯化的蛋白为Lv,该Lv在非变性条件下分子量约为230ku,在SDS变性条件下分子量约为106ku。纯化的瓦氏黄颡鱼Lv经检测显示含有类胡萝卜素,但没有二硫键,对热相对稳定。利用纯化的瓦氏黄颡鱼Lv,制备了兔抗瓦氏黄颡鱼Lv多克隆抗血清。通过双向免疫扩散法测得Lv抗血清的效价为1∶32,还发现瓦氏黄颡鱼卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)和Lv之间有明显的免疫交叉反应性,说明两者具有相同的免疫原性;Western-blotting检测显示抗血清的特异性较好,并能特异性地识别Vtg。     

Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)

The general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin-injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non-specific and specific defence in such specimens.     

条石鲷头肾和脾脏的显微结构观察

采用光镜技术对条石鲷（Oplegnathus fasciatus）头肾和脾脏的显微结构进行了观察研究。结果发现头肾表面覆盖着一层极薄的纤维结缔组织性被膜，未见明显小梁，实质主要由淋巴组织、血管和血窦组成，其间可见黑色素巨噬细胞中心。脾脏表面也覆盖着一层极薄的纤维结缔组织性被膜，其实质主要组成有脾髓（红髓和白髓混合排列）、椭圆体和黑色素巨噬细胞中心，小梁不明显，进入脾脏的中央动脉和静脉往往紧靠在一起互相结伴而行。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼全基因组微卫星的分布特征及其定位的初步研究

文章探究了瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)全基因组微卫星的分布特征及其规律,旨在为相关功能性微卫星分子标记的筛选提供依据.利用MISA(MIcroSAtellite identification tool)软件对其全基因组微卫星进行筛查和分析,并对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行了GO(Gene O...     

瓦氏黄颡鱼生长激素基因克隆及其组织特异性表达分析

生长激素(growth hormone,GH)对脊椎动物的生长发育及代谢具有重要作用。采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了瓦氏黄颡鱼垂体GH cDNA全长序列,应用real-time qPCR法对不同组织中GH mRNA的表达进行检测。序列分析表明,GH cDNA(GenBank登录号:GU395549)序列全长1 203 bp,其5’端非编码区77 bp、3’端非编码区523 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)603 bp,由此推导GH前体蛋白由200个氨基酸组成。同源性比较结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼与同目鱼类的GH编码序列同源性较高,与哺乳类和鸟类的同源性较低。Real-time qPCR结果显示,GH mRNA在垂体中的表达量最高,其次是脑、肌肉、肝脏、脂肪组织、胃、脾脏、卵巢或精巢,而在肾脏、心脏、鳃和肠中没有明显的表达。实验结果表明,GH基因在瓦氏黄颡鱼组织中广泛表达,提示GH可能以旁分泌或自分泌的方式对其生长和繁殖发挥重要作用。     

Inhibitory effects of seaweeds on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3)

ABSTRACT:   The effects of 80% methanol extracts from frozen samples of 41 macroalgae and one sea grass collected in the Ise-Shima region of Japan were investigated on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) sensitized with antidinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE and stimulated with DNP-BSA. Of the 21 brown algae, five green and 15 red algae, and one sea grass tested, only extracts from seven brown algae suppressed histamine release from RBL cells, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. When the cytotoxic effects of the seven brown algal extracts were investigated by Trypan blue staining, only Eisenia arborea and Sargassum thunbergii did not show cytotoxic effects. Therefore, we conclude that E. arborea and S. thunbergii may contain compounds that have antiallergic effects without inducing cell death.     

一种可用于现场观察对虾病毒包涵体的染色法

筛选出两种既可混合在一起，又能将对虾肝胰腺涂片的细胞核和细胞质分别着色的染色剂：台盼蓝和伊红Ｙ（Ｔ—Ｅ）。讨论了它们混合染色的条件与方法。用含有０．６％台盼蓝和０．２％伊红的混合染色液涂染肝胰腺细小病毒样病毒感染的对虾肝胰腺，观察到了核内的病毒包涵体。观察结果与病理切片苏木精－伊红染色结果吻合。这一方法用于野外现场进行对虾病毒感染的观察诊断，方法简便迅速，诊断结果与经典的苏木精－伊红染色法基本一致。     

The effects of scallop shell extract on collagen synthesis

ABSTRACT:   Previous observations showed that scallop shells contain organic components that have various useful applications for skin. In this study, the effect of the organic components of scallop shell (scallop shell extract) on collagen metabolism is investigated. Collagen metabolism is tightly controlled by the collagen degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP). Treatment of human skin fibroblast cells with the scallop shell extract increased the mRNA expression levels of type I collagen, MMP-1 and TIMP-1, suggesting that the scallop shell extract may activate collagen metabolism in skin fibroblast cells. Sirius red staining and the colorimetric quantification of collagen in fibroblast cells demonstrated that the scallop shell extract increased collagen content by approximately 1.3-fold. In vivo studies also revealed that the topical application of the scallop shell extract to rat dorsal skin increased the collagen content in the skin tissue section. These results suggest that the scallop shell extract may be effective for the treatment of photoaged and aging skin, which undergo collagen loss.     

Rheological properties and structural changes in raw and cooked abalone meat

SUMMARY: In a study of the relationship between structural changes and rheological parameters of raw and cooked abalone meat, abalone Haliotis discus was cooked in boiling water for 3 h, then cut up and separated into cross- and vertical sections. Structural change was observed using a light microscope and scanning electron micrography. The rheological parameters were obtained by stress-relaxation experiments. Microscopic photography revealed that structural change between muscle fibers in both sections of the cooked meat was greater than that in the raw meat. The elastic modulus and rupture strength in both sections of cooked meat showed no difference between the cross- and vertical sections, and were smaller than those for the raw meat. The relaxation time for the cooked meat was also greater than for the raw meat. These results were mainly because of collagen being gelatinized during heating. These changes were also observed by staining collagen and differential scanning calorimetry.