基于BP神经网络的柴油发动机特性建模

建立连续的发动机燃油特性和调速特性数学模型作为液压机械无级变速器虚拟试验平台的动力源。根据虚拟平台对不同特性区域的精度需求对柴油发动机不同特性区域的试验数据进行不同的密度选取、乱序和归一化处理,采用单隐层BP神经网络对试验数据进行训练,对比不同隐层节点数网络的训练误差和测试误差,选取误差最小的网络,求解出网络的数学表达式。通过该方法以ISLe310柴油发动机为例建立燃油特性和调速特性的连续数学模型,这两个简单的数学表达式准确反映了发动机万有特性和外特性,连续模型避免了虚拟试验中出现信号的突变和奇异点。通过和经典的最小二乘法拟合得到的最优特性模型进行对比,其具有更小的误差、更强的泛化能力,能够更好地反映柴油发动机的相关特性。     

自动施肥系统开发与性能测试

目的 开发一种适应于以固态水溶肥为原料的自动施肥系统,测试分析自动施肥系统性能。方法 主控机采用ARM9电路控制模块可实现对轮灌编组、预搅拌时长、施肥开始与结束时间、施肥持续时长、施肥量等参数的设置;选择以蠕动泵为注肥装置,通过变频器控制注肥泵电机功率的方式控制注肥速率,控制施肥量。对装置核心部件搅拌器额定功率、计量方式、溶肥搅拌参数、排肥速度及固液相比例等主要参数等进行设计与测试。结果 电感脉冲计量方式标准误差最大值1.26%,误差小、性价比好,确定其为本装置采用的计量方式;搅拌器以1.5 Kw额定功率、38 r/min转速搅拌、肥液浓度在1.1~1.3 g/mL、预搅拌时间30 min时,罐内各液位输出肥液浓度值差异不显著(P< 0.05),达到对肥料浓度均匀性的设计要求。结论 将施肥开始前的预搅拌时间设为30 min、搅拌转速设为38 r/min、肥液浓度不高于1.3 g/mL,输出肥液浓度有较好的均匀性,实现精准施肥。     

基于PID直流电机驱动的移动式采摘机器人设计

为了提高移动式采摘机器人的控制效率和移动精度,将直流电机驱动电路引入到采摘机器人移动控制系统的设计中,并采用PID算法对移动速度进行调节,从而避免采摘机器人在移动过程中产生较大的速度波动,提高其作业时的平稳性。为了验证PID算法在采摘机器人移动控制系统上使用的可行性,模拟葡萄采摘机器人的作业环境,对采摘机器人移动过程的速度控制进行了仿真模拟,结果表明:达到速度预定目标时,PID算法比常规算法具有更快的响应速度,调节过程也更加平稳。     

横轴流脱粒分离装置的数学模型的建立与试验

横轴流脱粒分离装置滚筒长度限制了其脱粒分离能力,仅被应用于中小型联合收割机。为研究横轴流脱粒分离装置脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、脱粒间隙等因素对脱粒分离性能的影响,优化装置结构,利用概率学理论建立了横轴流脱粒分离装置的未脱净率和夹带损失率数学模型。对模型正确性验证试验表明,模型对未脱净率的预测相对误差为8.23%,对夹带损失率的预测相对误差为2.90%。仿真分析和试验表明,该模型可反映籽粒轴向分布和脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、脱粒间隙等参数对脱粒分离性能的影响。     

王正非林火蔓延模型改进研究

王正非林火蔓延模型是目前国内比较先进的森林火灾蔓延模型,但是由于林火行为的复杂性,此模型在准确率和普适性方面仍存在许多不足。本文结合已有的成果进一步改进王正非模型,增加了可燃物湿度对林火蔓延速度的影响,改进了林火初始速度的计算方式。针对各种坡度对林火蔓延行为的影响给出了一个计算公式。与改进前相比,改进后的模型使其对林火蔓延情况的预估更为精准。     

Shortening the generation cycle in faba bean (Vicia faba) by application of cytokinin and cold stress to assist speed breeding

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10^–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non-cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10^–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time.     

Being exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr has detrimental effects on the mobility of Trogoderma granarium

BACKGROUND

Sublethal effects of insecticides may negatively affect several biological and behavioral traits of insects. The lethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr have been previously showed on Trogoderma granarium, but little knowledge is available about their sublethal effects at low concentrations on both sexes. Herein, the sublethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr on the mobility of T. granarium males and females were investigated.

RESULTS

Lethal concentration (LC) values of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr were lower for T. granarium females than males. LC values on males were LC₁₀ = 0.000788 and 0.00139 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00350 and 0.00535 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00986 and 0.0136 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. LC on females were LC₁₀ = 0.000704 and 0.00110 mg a.i. cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00323 and 0.00428 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00925 and 0.0110 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. The walking duration of beetles exposed to LC₃₀ of pirimiphos-methyl was significantly lower than the individuals exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of both insecticides and control ones. Pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-exposed males remained more time on their back (101.7 s) than females (46.9 s), while the latter stayed immobile longer than males (381.7 s versus 371.9 s). The highest speed was recorded for control beetles (14.17 mm s⁻¹ females vs. 12.44 mm s⁻¹ males), while the lowest speed was observed in pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-treated males (8.36 mm s⁻¹) and females (9.66 mm s⁻¹).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, males and females exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr showed reduced motility. This knowledge can be exploited further to unlock behavioral effects of insecticides for effective pest management programs in warehouses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于流声耦合法的超低比转数离心泵空化特性研究

为研究离心泵不同空化状态下噪声特性的变化规律,以及空化的发展对水动力噪声的影响,首先以一台超低比转数离心泵为研究对象,搭建闭式试验台,基于泵产品测试系统及数据采集系统建立了离心泵空化噪声的试验测试系统,实现了泵性能参数和内场噪声信号的同步采集。其次,分别应用不同空化模型对模型泵空化性能曲线进行预测,并与试验值进行对比,选择合适的空化模型。在此基础上将整个空化过程划分为未空化阶段、空化初生阶段、特征空化阶段及严重空化阶段,结合声学边界元法将流场信息转化为声场信息,并通过比较各空化阶段噪声预测值与试验值相对误差,发现模拟信号与实际信号吻合度较高,充分验证了预测方法的可行性。最后,基于流声耦合法研究空化对内部声场的影响。研究发现:针对超低比转数离心泵空化,Zwart模型比Kunz模型具有更好的适用性。内场噪声信号随空化的发展变化规律比较复杂。在中低频段,由于空化对动静干涉的抑制作用,使得叶频及其倍频特征值离散分量声压级随空化的发展呈现逐渐下降趋势,而轴频分量呈现增大趋势;而高频宽频噪声随空化系数的降低呈现先缓慢减小、然后急剧上升的规律,逐渐将高频特征值分量淹没在宽频带中,高频段声压级的增高造成总声压级的升高。     

摆动分离筛薯土分离机理分析与参数优化试验

针对摆动分离筛薯土分离机理不明确,作业参数匹配不合理导致明薯率与马铃薯破皮率矛盾突出等问题,利用高速摄像机实时拍摄不同曲柄转速、筛面倾角和机器前进速度时摆动分离筛上薯土混合物的分布状态,统计并分析薯土混合物分布高度的变化规律,揭示薯土分离机理,并获得影响分离筛性能主要因素的取值范围。以明薯率和破皮率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验方法进行试验,建立各指标与因素间的回归数学模型,对影响摆动分离筛性能的结构与工作参数进行优化。结果表明,各因素对明薯率、破皮率影响由大到小为曲柄转速、筛面倾角、机器前进速度。摆动分离筛优化参数组合为:曲柄转速230 r/min,筛面倾角21.1°,机器前进速度2.03 km/h,优化后明薯率和破皮率分别为98.94%和0.21%,明薯率较优化前提高1.68个百分点,破皮率较优化前降低9.6个百分点,参数优化试验结果满足国家标准要求。