菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

为探究茶树菇菌糠多糖浸种对铜离子胁迫下水稻生长发育的影响,通过水培试验法研究不同浓度(1、10、100、1000、2000mg·L~(-1))茶树菇菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发及相关生理代谢指标的影响。结果表明:随着培养液中铜离子浓度的升高,水稻种子受到的毒害作用增强,发芽势和发芽率受到抑制,水稻幼芽根长变短,细胞质膜受损,相对电导率和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性下降。添加不同浓度的茶树菇菌糠多糖可以在一定程度上缓解水稻种子受铜离子的毒害作用,提高水稻种子的发芽势和发芽率,这一效应在水稻幼芽根部体现得尤为明显。同时,多糖添加可以修复细胞质膜的损伤,降低可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA的含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。研究表明,茶树菇菌糠多糖可以有效缓解铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的不利影响,综合考虑,当茶树菇菌糠多糖浓度为1000 mg·L~(-1)时,效果最佳。     

畜禽粪便中铜和锌污染现状及风险分析

为研究我国畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn的现状及对土壤的污染风险,对数据库和课题组已有的数据进行整理,分析了我国畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的现状,建立土壤中畜禽粪便重金属Cu和Zn的风险评估模型,预测施用畜禽粪便后土壤Cu、Zn的污染情况,并推算畜禽粪便Cu、Zn的阈值。研究发现,不同畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn含量差异较大,且Zn的含量均高于Cu含量。猪粪中Cu、Zn含量最高,中位值分别为406.9 mg·kg~(-1)和671.3 mg·kg~(-1),羊粪中Cu、Zn含量最低,中位值分别为28.7 mg·kg~(-1)和101.1 mg·kg~(-1)。施用猪粪的土壤中Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为12 080.0 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和18 928.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);家禽粪的影响其次,Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为1 396.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和7 978.1 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);牛粪和羊粪的污染风险较低。根据模型计算的阈值中,粪肥中Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～2 256.6 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～20 040.9 mg·kg~(-1);粪肥污染风险与阈值呈负相关,污染风险最高的猪粪,阈值最低,其Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～163.2 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～1 972.8 mg·kg~(-1)。     

木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用难点及解决技术

为有效转化利用废弃木耳菌渣,解决木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用过程中出现的稻苗黄化现象问题,通过分析木耳菌渣理化性质及对水稻种子采取硫酸亚铁溶液浸种处理的方法,进行木耳菌渣稻苗基质化利用研究。结果表明:1)虽然腐熟菌渣的有机质含量、保水性及速效养分等特性有利于做水稻育苗基质,但盐分浓度较高、偏碱性、密度较小不适宜单一菌渣做育苗基质;2)单一菌渣基质培育稻苗,会出现黄化现象,原因在于单一菌渣基质有效铁含量偏低,造成了叶片含铁量少;3)硫酸亚铁浸种处理可以控制稻苗黄化现象,但会诱导植株株高伸长;4)0.014mol/L硫酸亚铁与0.051mmol/L多效唑混合浸种液在20℃下浸种处理3d,能够有效控制稻苗黄化现象和植株的徒长。同体积的腐熟菌渣和稻田土混合配制成的育苗基质,稻种采用硫酸亚铁溶液与多效唑溶液混合浸种处理的方法,能够育出壮实的大龄机插秧苗。     

Inhibiting fungus on largemouth bass eggs with copper sulfate and its toxicity to fry and juveniles

This study determined the effectiveness of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) to inhibit fungal growth (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) on largemouth bass (LMB) eggs spawned on/in fiber mats in very high-alkalinity/-hardness waters; experiments also determined the toxicity of CuSO₄ to LMB fry and juveniles. An untreated control and three CuSO₄ concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mg/L) were tested under a flow-through scenario in the effectiveness experiment. Eggs were treated daily until hatching began. Fungal load at the time of hatch had a total area > 3.0 cm² in the untreated controls, total area 1.0 to <2.0 cm² in the 10 and 20 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments, and total area > 1.0 cm² in the 40 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments. Fungus samples were identified as Saprolegnia australis. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values on the LMB yolk-sac and swim-up fry were 32.0 and 4.6 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively; the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) were 16.0 and 0.125 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively. Juvenile LMB were extremely tolerant to CuSO₄, and their 24-hr LC50 value was 185.5 mg/L; the NOEC was 64 mg/L. This study indicates that CuSO₄ can be an important resource for hatcheries to control egg fungus, especially in high-alkalinity/-hardness waters.     

An improved method for extraction of sorghum polymeric protein complexes

A method for fractionating sorghum proteins using extraction solvents and techniques designed to obtain polymeric protein structures (especially disulfide linked) was developed. Extraction and separation conditions were optimized in terms of completeness of protein extraction, sample stability, and analytical resolution. After pre-extraction of albumins and globulins, a 3-step sequential procedure involving no reducing agents was applied to ground whole sorghum flour. The three fractions obtained represented proportionally different protein polymer contents and molecular weight distribution as evidenced by comparative size exclusion chromatography. Protein composition also varied among the extracts with differences in kafirin composition and non-kafirin proteins detected in the fractions by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis. The ability to quantify and further characterize sorghum polymeric protein complexes will be useful for additional studies linking protein structures with functionality and digestibility and variations for these properties within diverse sorghum germplasm.     

阿维菌素等三种常规渔药对卡拉白鱼的急性毒性

采用半静态法,研究了三种常规渔药阿维菌素、三氯异氰脲酸和硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chal coides aralensis)急性毒性效应。结果表明:阿维菌素对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为6.25、4.66、3.66和2.82 mg/L,安全浓度为0.77 mg/L;三氯异氰尿酸对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为3.22、2.49、2.19、1.79 mg/L,安全浓度为0.45 mg/L;硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.56、3.96、2.03、1.74 mg/L,安全浓度为0.6 mg/L。三种药物对卡拉白鱼毒性高低依次为:硫酸铜三氯异氯尿酸阿维菌素。三种常规渔药的安全浓度近于或高于生产中常用泼洒浓度,可放心使用。     

Dietary copper requirement of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis for formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds

Dietary copper requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis (6.74 ± 0.03 g) was determined by feeding purified diets containing same protein (400 g/kg) and gross energy (17.89 kJ/g) but different levels of copper for 12 weeks. Graded amount of CuSO₄.5H₂O (0, 1.96, 3.93, 5.89, 7.86, 9.82, 11.79 mg/kg) was supplemented to basal diet to attain desired dietary copper levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/kg). Analysed dietary copper concentrations were 4.28, 4.63, 5.28, 5.70, 6.19 and 6.69 mg/kg. Absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein gain improved with the increasing levels of dietary copper up to 5.28 mg/kg. Further inclusion of copper at a level of 5.70 mg/kg did not improve the above parameters. Significantly higher (p < .05) plasma ceruloplasmin, liver copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were evident in fish receiving diets with 5.28 and 5.70 mg/kg copper compared to other groups. Whole body and liver copper concentrations increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing dietary copper levels. Quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein gain and broken‐line regression analysis of plasma ceruloplasmin activity and liver TBARS value against the variable dietary copper levels depicted the dietary copper requirements for fingerling H. fossilis in the range of 5.24–5.68 mg/kg.     

γ-戊内酯/水复合溶剂体系中金属硫酸盐催化半纤维素定向转化制备糠醛

以廉价金属硫酸盐为催化剂,在γ-戊内酯/水复合溶剂中催化半纤维素定向转化制备糠醛,糠醛得率高达50.2%,半纤维素液化转化率达95.5%。在γ-戊内酯/水复合溶剂中,以金属硫酸盐为催化剂进一步研究了直接催化木质纤维生物质原料玉米芯和竹粉定向转化制备糠醛,其中糠醛得率分别达39.5%、29.7%,木质纤维原料液化转化率分别达86.5%、80.5%。     

抗菌药联用对海藻希瓦菌的体外抗菌效果

为评价硫酸庆大霉素和头孢噻肟钠对水产致病性海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外联合抗菌效果,以6种渔用抗菌药作为对照,比较测定硫酸庆大霉素、头孢噻肟钠对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外抗菌作用,在此基础上进一步采用试管二倍稀释法测定分析硫酸庆大霉素和头孢噻肟钠在不同复配比例下对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外联合抑菌作用,并通过时间-杀菌曲线法测定其体外联合杀菌效果。试验结果显示,硫酸庆大霉素和头孢噻肟钠对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的最小抑菌质量浓度为80 mg/L和160 mg/L,抗菌活性明显优于甲砜霉素、多西环素、噁喹酸、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠、磺胺甲噁唑、盐酸恩诺沙星等渔用抗菌药。硫酸庆大霉素和头孢噻肟钠在复配比例8∶2和7∶3时,对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外联合抑菌效果表现为协同作用,对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的最小抑菌质量浓度达40 mg/L。此外,时间-杀菌曲线表明,40 mg/L硫酸庆大霉素和80 mg/L头孢噻肟钠对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外联合杀菌作用表现为协同效果。本研究结果证实,硫酸庆大霉素和头孢噻肟钠联用有利于提升对海藻希瓦菌SFH3的体外抗菌效果,可为研发水产致病性海藻希瓦菌的潜在控制药物提供理论参考。