Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

喀斯特山区2个鲫鱼群体基于转铁蛋白的遗传多样性研究

为了解喀斯特山区2个不同鲫鱼群体在蛋白质水平的遗传多样性及其遗传差异,运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对喀斯特山区2个群体鲫鱼的血清转铁蛋白电泳表型及多样性进行研究。结果表明:群体克隆多样性指数表现为草海鲫鱼(0.32)﹥红鲫(0.25,对照)﹥普安鲫鱼(0.13);3个鲫鱼群体的13个克隆由9个不同的等位基因产生,等位基因的频率分别为Tf~a0.144 9、Tf~b0.202 9、Tf~c0.036 2、Tf~d0.058 0、Tf~e0.007 2、Tf~f0.239 1、Tf~g0.014 5、Tf~h0.275 4、Tf~i0.029 0;普安鲫鱼与草海鲫鱼和红鲫无共享的基因型;普安鲫鱼与草海鲫鱼之间的遗传相似性指数较高(0.714 3),遗传距离较小(0.285 7)。总体来看,草海鲫鱼的克隆多样性水平较高,其转铁蛋白多样性程度较普安鲫鱼丰富;2个群体之间存在较近的亲缘关系,未达到遗传距离种的分化标准。     

饲料中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn对异育银鲫器官、组织相应元素的影响及其相关性研究

以异育银鲫为试验对象,在实用饲料中按照L9(34)正交设计方案补充Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn,经过60 d养殖后,分析鱼体器官、组织与饲料中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn 4种微量元素的含量、相互比例的相关性。试验结果表明,Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn在鱼体各器官、组织中具有明显的分布特征:鳍中的Fe、Mn、Zn,头骨中的Cu、Mn、Zn,心脏、肝胰脏、脊椎骨中的Fe、Cu,全鱼Cu、Zn,脾中Cu、Mn,肾脏中Mn、Zn,肌肉、卵、肠中Cu,鳃骨中的Zn,鳞中的Mn受饲料中相应元素供给量的影响很大;鱼体器官、组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例模式有3种基本类型,脾、肌肉、脑、心脏、肾脏和全鱼属于Fe比例高的类型(称为高Fe型),与饲料中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例模式非常相近,具有显著的相关性;脊椎骨、鳃骨、肠、头骨和鳍中Fe、Zn两者比例比较接近,属于Fe、Zn比较高的类型(称为高Fe、高Zn型),而鳞和卵属于Zn比例高的类型(高Zn型),这两类类型的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例与饲料中比例模式相关性差。     

不同来源硒对异育银鲫的生物学效应研究

以异育银鲫为试验动物,研究不同来源的硒(蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒)对其生长性能、肌肉生化组成和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的影响。试验分为3个处理,日粮中添加硒浓度分别为0 mg/kg(对照组)、0.5 mg/kg(蛋氨酸硒)和0.5 mg/kg(纳米硒),每个处理3个重复。结果显示,与对照组相比,蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒均可显著提高异育银鲫的末重、相对增重率以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05),但是蛋氨酸硒处理组和纳米硒处理组间差异不显著。纳米硒处理组肌肉中硒含量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),蛋氨酸硒处理组肌肉中硒含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饵料中添加一定浓度的蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒具有一定的生物学效应。     

新型饲料添加剂药性菌质对鲫鱼生长免疫与养殖水体的影响

将药用真菌灵芝接种于固体培养基进行固体发酵, 得到药性菌质, 并将其作为饲料添加剂, 分别按0. 5%、1. 0%、2. 0%的比例添加到鲫基础日粮中, 通过检测鲫肝、肠中溶菌酶含量和养殖水体的pH、氨氮、溶氧等指标以及称其体重, 以研究其对鲫非特异性免疫功能及促生长的影响和药性菌质对养殖水体的影响。结果表明, 在饲料中添加一定比例的药用真菌发酵产物都能够提高鲫肝、肠溶菌酶活性水平, 其中以在日粮中添加比例为0. 5%的肝中溶菌酶活性最高(P < 0. 05); 而添加1. 0%的肠中溶菌酶活性最高(P < 0. 05); 添加1. 0%的鲫体增重比对照组提高了2. 9%, 而不同比例的药性菌质对水质的pH 高于对照组, 水中氨氮浓度低于对照组, 与对照组相比溶氧 量变化甚小, 试验组各项测定结果呈现一定的波动, 但试验组与对照组间各项测定指标均无显著差异(P > 0.05)。药性菌质可改善鲫的非特异性免疫功能、促进其生长、增强鱼体代谢, 但对养殖水体影响较小。     

达里湖和岗根湖东北雅罗鱼和鲫四种同工酶的比较研究

比较了达里湖和岗根湖的东北雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii)和鲫(Carassius auratus)肌肉、肝脏、心肌组织中过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的差异。结果显示:达里湖中东北雅罗鱼和鲫在心脏和肝脏中POD、EST含量均高于岗根湖,而肌肉中含量相对低些;MDH、LDH在三种组织中的含量达里湖中的东北雅罗鱼和鲫也高于岗根湖。由试验结果可知,东北雅罗鱼和鲫心肌和肝脏中四种同工酶的含量高于岗根湖,肌肉中四种同工酶的含量相对稳定。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage^?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a^* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. The b^* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a^* and b^* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a^* and b^* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg^?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg^?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg^?1 at least 42 days before sale.