扁桃AcDHN1基因的克隆及原核表达分析

【目的】 克隆与分析扁桃脱水素基因,为研究脱水素基因在扁桃抗逆机制中发挥的功能提供参考。【方法】 以新疆栽培的扁桃品种‘纸皮’叶片为材料,通过PCR技术克隆扁桃AcDHN1基因并对该基因进行原核表达分析,构建原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌进行表达。【结果】 克隆得到了一个脱水素基因,命名为AcDHN1,GenBank登陆号为KT949395,该基因全长924 bp、编码308个氨基酸的多肽,为稳定的亲水性蛋白,属于Y₂K_n型脱水素,推测蛋白分子质量为32.4 kD,亚细胞定位于细胞核中。将该基因与原核表达载体连接构建重组质粒pET-AcDHN1,然后将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,该蛋白分子量的大小约为52.7 kD,与预期长度一致。【结论】 对重组蛋白的诱导条件进行优化后结果显示,该基因在IPTG浓度0.1 mmol/L、诱导3 h表达量最佳。     

self-(in)compatibility almond genotypes: A review

To compile self-(in)compatibility almond genotypes, a review of 133 commercial cultivars of wide geographical origin was made. The information gathered from own and mainly published work will be useful for both grower's cultivar choice when planting and for breeder's cross design when planning. The almond S genotypes compiled were identified using five different methods: biological (pollination tests in the field and in the laboratory) and molecular (RNases, PCR and sequencing). In most cases, genotypes were assigned after combining more than one technique. Cultivars were classified into three categories: self-incompatible (99), self-compatible (16) and doubtful self-incompatible (18). The database is divided in 9 fields (name, origin, parentage, obtention year (crossing, selection or release), S genotype, technique used, reference, consensus genotype, and cross incompatibility group). A study of the 27 S alleles already identified and their geographical distribution within the cultivated almond is also presented. The study was divided into cultivars of known and unknown parentage and the distribution of S alleles frequencies was uneven among the 133 cultivars. S allele frequencies are related to geographical origin. Some alleles (S ₁, S ₅, S ₇ and S ₈) are more frequently observed than the others among cultivars of both known and unknown parentage. In the cultivated almond, the S f allele is only found in the Puglia region, Italy. The S _f frequency is three times higher in cultivars released from breeding programmes than in cultivars selected by growers. From the 351 resulting possible genotypes by combination of the 27 S alleles identified only 20 CIG (0-XIX) have been established, which represents a small fraction of the whole genetic diversity of this polymorphic gene in almond.     

Morphological variation within collections of Moroccan almond clones and Mediterranean and North American cultivars

Summary Cultivated almonds (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb) in Morocco are still propagated from seeds by farmers to overcome transplant failure of grafted trees. Almond collections in southern Morocco conducted since 1975 have resulted in the selection of clones planted at 3 experimental stations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare kernel, nut, leaf, and growth habit characteristics among 67 selected Moroccan clones and 14 introduced cultivars. Clustering of clones from similar countries and collection areas would suggest the existence of different almond populations. The Moroccan clones did not cluster separately from the foreign cultivars. Three Moroccan clones had exceptionally large nuts and kernels while 7 selections had high yield potential due to high spur density. Moroccan selections tended to be characterized by small leaves in comparison to foreign cultivars. No evidence was found to suggest the existence of separate populations within the Moroccan almond germplasm.     

晋扁系列扁桃新品种选育及开发应用前景

详细介绍了晋扁系列扁桃的选育过程、果实经济性状、品质性状、物候期、生物学特性及结果情况。晋扁系列扁桃种仁大,饱满、风味香甜、品质优,抗寒、耐旱,适宜内地山区发展,具有广阔的市场前景。     

巴旦木分级破壳机设计与试验

为解决巴旦木破壳机械生产效率低、破壳率低和核仁损伤量大等问题，通过研究坚果破壳原理，选用适宜机械加工的大巴旦木（‘莎车3号’）为研究对象,设计了巴旦木分级破壳机，同时进行巴旦木尺寸、破壳力加载方向及加载速度、巴旦木含水率的物料特性分析。结果表明：破壳机破壳辊间隙和含水率对巴旦木破壳力和变形量影响显著。使用试验法优化了巴旦木分级破壳机构工作参数，当两轧辊间距离调整为Ⅰ级14 mm、Ⅱ级13 mm和Ⅲ级12 mm，含水率控制在9.8%～10.5%范围内，转速为1 000 r·min^-1时，测得平均破壳率为95.57%，平均破损率为3.37%，满足实际生产需求。     

扁桃砧木Hansen试管苗与大田苗的生理生化特性差异

对扁桃砧木 Hansen 试管苗和大田苗的光合速率、细胞膜透性、脯氨酸含量、气孔的开张度进行了测定。结果表明,试管苗和大田苗在早晨 9:00,高光强下净光合速率最大,其次为中光强,最低为低光强,二者在 3种不同光强下均差异显著;试管苗和大田苗细胞膜相对透性差异显著;脯氨酸的含量在逆境下均增加,但大田苗增加的幅度高于试管苗的。大田苗气孔开张度在一昼夜的变化呈双曲线,试管苗气孔开张率在一昼夜均为 100%,试管苗气孔张开程度大于大田苗的。     

杏仁百合露的研制

试验以杏仁、百合为主要原料,经磨浆、乳化、调配和均质,制得营养丰富、风味独特的复合饮料。试验结果表明:杏仁脱苦去毒用0.3 %的柠檬酸在40℃ 下浸泡24 h效果最佳,百合防褐变处理用0.2 % VC+0.1 % 柠檬酸效果最好。产品的最佳配方为:杏仁5 %,百合4 %,白砂糖6 %,乳化剂0.2 %,增稠剂0.15 %。     

扁桃砧木Nemaguard和Lovell的组培快繁

试验对扁桃砧木 Nemaguard 和 Lovell 进 行 组培快繁 ,结果表明: Nemaguard 以 MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+GA30.2 mg/L 为最佳诱导培养基,Lovell 则以 MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+GA0.2 mg/L 为最佳诱导培养基,其诱导成活率分别为 73.3 %和 80.0 %。Nemaguard 适宜的增殖培养基为 MS+6-BA1.0mg/L+GA30.1 mg/L+LH100 mg/L,而Lovell 则为 MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L+IAA0.1 mg/L+LH 100 mg/L。经过一月的培养,其增殖倍数为 3.05 和 5.23,茎长大于1 cm的新梢率为57.0 %和55.9 %。生根诱导则以1/2 MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L配合10 d暗培养效果最好,Nemaguard 和 Lovell的生根率可达 80 %和 66.7 %。移栽成活率能达到 70 %以上。     

巴旦杏含乳饮料的稳定性研究

本文以新鲜牛乳、优质巴旦杏为主要原料,经适当比例混合调配,制成高蛋白含乳饮料,研究了巴旦杏植物蛋白饮料的工艺流程和技术要点,重点对其加工过程中的稳定性影响因素进行了探讨。实验结果表明:按下列配方制得的巴旦杏乳饮料,其营养丰富、风味独特、稳定性好;巴旦杏乳:牛乳=3:7,琼脂0.03%,单甘脂0.15%,明胶0.075%,蔗糖5%。     

不同树形对扁桃与冬小麦间作区域光环境的影响

【目的】 研究果粮间作模式下,扁桃树形对间作冬小麦不同生育时期间作区域光环境的影响,为新疆南疆果粮间作模式下高光效树形的选择和间作种植模式的优化提供理论依据。【方法】 以扁桃-冬小麦间作模式为研究对象,设置小冠形、开心形、高秆形和分层形4个树形处理,于小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期等生长关键时期,对远冠区、东西两侧近冠区、东西两侧冠下区等5个间作区域的PAR日变化动态和环境光谱指标进行测定分析。【结果】 新疆南疆地区扁桃-冬小麦间作模式下,不同间作区域PAR均呈单峰曲线日变化动态,扬花期至拔节期不同树形处理间作区域光照条件均明显劣变,小冠形、开心形、高秆形和分层形4个树形处理2个时期间的降幅分别达到18.93%、39.06%、23.24%和46.00%;扬花期扁桃对间作区域光环境的影响已基本趋于稳定,该时期不同树形间作区域PAR强度水平分为小冠形、高秆形和开心形、分层形三个水平,每日PAR强度维持在400～1 400 μmol/(m²·s)范围内的时间占在全天70%、40%和20%左右。【结论】 扁桃-冬小麦间作模式下,小麦拔节期至扬花期(4月8日~5月3日)间作区域光合有效辐射(PAR)日均值大幅降低,扬花期至灌浆期(5月3~25日)基本稳定;小冠形对应间作区域光环境条件优于开心形和高秆形,优于分层形。