安徽沿江地区油麦后直播棉的品种选用策略

在目前安徽沿江地区不能实现棉花机采的情况下,提出了“植株高度既适于机采也适于人工采收,含絮力适中(不易落花便于集中采收),生育期适中(播种到采收为180天左右),纤维品质及产量性状较优(纤维长度30.0 mm以上,断裂比强度30.0 cN/tex以上,马克隆值5.0以下,籽棉产量3750 kg/hm 2以上,衣分在40%左右)”的油(或麦)后直播棉模式的人工采收品种选用策略。旨在促进安徽沿江地区棉花生产稳定发展。     

渭河流域生态功能区划

以渭河流域为研究对象,根据流域生态环境现状,建立合理的指标体系,结合GIS与RS技术对研究区进行区划,并针对各功能区的主导生态功能或主要生态问题制定相应生态环境保护与建设重点。结果表明:渭河流域可被划分为7个生态功能区:①防旱抗旱区;②农业种植区;③牧业发展区;④水源涵养区;⑤防风固沙区;⑥植被保护区;⑦土壤侵蚀控制区。本研究为区域有效开发利用资源,合理制定生态环境保护措施提供科学依据。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

Stability in reproductive timing and habitat usage of Chinook salmon across six years of varying environmental conditions and abundance

The spatial and temporal distribution of spawning activity by autumn‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) was examined across multiple years. The study period included two years of extreme drought conditions when water temperatures in the spawning reach of the Stanislaus River were considered sub‐optimal for spawning and egg incubation. Despite varying levels of superimposition, redd counts and densities remained stable and positively associated with river location, indicating that superimposition may be driven by habitat preference rather than the absence of suitable spawning locations. Spawning occurred slightly later during drought years (6–10 days later compared with wetter years). This delay was attributable to deferred migration instead of deferred spawning, and the majority of redds were constructed at water temperatures exceeding the optimal temperature range. As a consequence, estimates of juvenile production during 2014 and 2015 were among the lowest on record. These findings may be related in part to the high hatchery contribution to the population, above‐average temperatures during spawning and incubation, and superimposition rates. Management recommendations include adequate cold‐water storage in the upstream reservoir, refined spawning habitat restoration techniques in the light of superimposition rates and, on a broader system scale, actions that reduce the amount of stray hatchery Chinook salmon.     

滁河水环境污染防治对策研究

滁河为长江下游左岸一级支流,流经安徽滁州及南京江北地区。滁河既是苏皖两省的交界,又是滁州、南京六合区和浦口区的母亲河。但与此同时,滁河也承担了流域内工业废水、农业废水和生活污水等废水的受纳水体功能。滁河的水环境质量直接影响到滁河流域人民的生活饮用水安全。因此,本研究对滁河进行了水环境质量监测,分析了造成滁河水体污染的主要污染源,并调查了产生过量污染的主要原因,在此基础上提出了针对性的水污染防治对策。     

长江流域生物资源及生态环境研究进展

以CNKI平台中的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法,对其文献的增长趋势及期刊分布进行分析,并基于作者和机构合作网络、关键词共现的聚类知识图谱及突变检测等方法,探究我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境主题的研究热点及其研究前沿。研究表明:研究文献总体上呈递增趋势,2016年开始呈现激增态势;作者、机构间的交流合作较少,作者间合作大部分局限在机构内部的研究者之间的合作,合作相对活跃的机构主要有长江科学院、长江流域水资源保护局及长江水利委员会等;其优势学科领域主要为环境科学、区域经济学、水利工程学、农业经济等。当前我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境的研究领域有5个方向:(1)开展长江经济带城市群生态环境评价与保护、城镇化与生态文明建设,以及绿色发展等研究;(2)开展长江三峡与三峡库区的生态环境监测与保护、森林资源养护、水土保持与流失、资源与生态补偿机制研究及其生态环境的可持续发展等研究;(3)开展长江流域自然保护区的生态环境保护与规划、生态保护红线及其生物资源养护与生物多样性保护等研究;(4)在长江大保护背景下,开展长江流域生态环境的保护与修复、流域综合治理,以及水生生物资源的合理开发利用的研究;(5)开展长江源区水电资源开发、水环境保护及其渔业生态环境保护等研究。为科学管理和保护长江流域的重要生物资源,提出建立基于科学设计的全流域生物资源和环境监测系统,建立全流域的生物资源及生态系统的生物数据模型,发展长江流域渔业资源养护与开发的风险评估决策系统,发展长江流域科学的渔业资源增殖放流技术体系,发展基于GIS的长江全流域的渔业资源与环境监测和管理决策信息服务系统等建议。     

延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施，2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种，测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明，收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加，机收产量显著提高，2年平均提高9.72%；而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%，而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%，是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状，三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系；玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状，倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关，而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量，从而降低籽粒破碎率，但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上，长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获，可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率，提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

连续模拟降雨下岩溶区含砾石堆积体坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对岩溶区石灰土质堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响,以土质坡面为对照,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,研究了递增型降雨(0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0 mm/min)条件下偏土质(砾石含量30%)和偏石质(砾石含量70%)石灰土坡面的径流特性及侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)随雨强增大,各坡面径流率呈稳定增长—波动的变化趋势,且土质坡面径流率整体小于2种含砾石坡面;偏土质、偏石质坡面累计产流量较土质坡面增加了0.49,0.37倍;(2)1.0~3.0 mm/min雨强下,土质坡面侵蚀速率在0.16~5.4 g/(m^2·s)范围内波动,整体呈稳定—波动增加的变化趋势;偏土质和偏石质坡面分别为0.16~5.4,0.06~0.74 g/(m^2·s),前者侵蚀速率变化范围大且波动剧烈,后者变化范围小且稳定;随砾石含量的增加,各坡面累计侵蚀量呈先增后减的变化趋势,偏土质坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面增加2.5倍,偏石质坡面较其减少了0.9倍;(3)土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面的侵蚀速率与径流率分别呈极显著正相关幂函数、线性函数和线性函数关系。研究结果可为桂西北岩溶区弃渣场水土流失治理提供一定的科学依据。     

降雨类型与坡度对棕壤垄沟系统产流产沙的影响

为深入理解棕壤垄作坡耕地的土壤侵蚀机理,利用1.60 m×0.53 m的试验土槽,设计2个降雨类型,即增强型(70～70～100～100 mm/h)和减弱型(100～100～70～70 mm/h),以及2个坡度(9°和18°)的人工模拟降雨试验。每个雨型分2个阶段(阶段I、阶段II),每个阶段进行相同雨强的2个场次降雨,每个场次降雨历时20 min。结果表明:(1)雨强对径流量呈显著影响(P0.05),100 mm/h雨强下的径流量70 mm/h时的径流量。在减弱型雨型下,坡度对径流量影响显著(P0.05),而增强型雨型下在不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响不同。(2)雨强对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),在阶段Ⅰ降雨中,100 mm/h雨强下9°和18°坡面的平均每分钟产沙量分别为70 mm/h雨强下的23.98,9.07倍。在70 mm/h雨强下,坡度对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),而100 mm/h雨强下不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响具有差异性。(3)100 mm/h雨强在不同雨型中出现的时序对产沙量影响不显著(P0.05);在70 mm/h雨强下,产沙量整体较小,基本在15 g/min以下。同一雨强在不同雨型中的时序对径流量均存在显著影响(P0.05)。(4)总径流量从大到小依次为:9°减弱型18°减弱型9°增强型18°增强型;总产沙量从大到小依次为:18°增强型18°减弱型9°减弱型9°增强型。不同雨型下,雨强发生改变后,累计径流量和累计产沙量增加速率和雨强的改变具有一致性。