水肥一体化技术在生姜生产中的应用

为了解决生姜生产中存在的费水、过度施肥、营养失衡、人工投入大、生姜产量低和品质不高的突出问题,本研究把水肥一体化技术和生姜生产实践结合起来,从生姜地块的土壤理化性状检测、设备选择与设计、水源选择、肥料选择以及生姜各生育期的水肥投入方案等方面,阐述了水肥一体化技术在生姜生产中的应用技术要点,形成了具有普遍指导性的水肥一体化技术规范。该技术要点体现了水肥一体化的技术优势,可为各生姜产区的生姜生产、广大农技推广人员农技推广服务和农业领域科研工作者提供技术指导和参考。     

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为探明华北地区山前平原水肥一体化条件下小麦合理的氮肥运筹。于2013-2015年2个小麦生长季,设置4个滴灌施氮量(N0-不施氮、N1-120 kg/hm~2、N2-240 kg/hm~2、N3-360 kg/hm~2)处理,研究滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收积累和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮量N1、N2和N3处理的小麦干质量及产量较处理N0显著增加,N1、N2和N3处理间无显著差异;施氮量对小麦茎秆的氮含量影响较大,但对籽粒氮含量的影响差异不显著;处理N3的小麦总吸氮量分别显著高于处理N0、N1和N2,但处理N1和N2之间无显著差异;氮肥收获指数以N2处理最高,氮肥当季回收利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥利用效率均表现出随施氮量增加而降低的趋势;施氮量超过240 kg/hm~2,土壤硝态氮含量增加,且随种植年限的延长更加明显。采用一元二次方程拟合,获得小麦最高产量的施氮量为238.46~250.78 kg/hm~2,经济施氮量为174.28~207.18 kg/hm~2。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益,该条件下小麦滴灌经济施氮量以174~207 kg/hm~2为宜。     

Evaluation of fertigation scheduling for sugarcane using a vadose zone flow and transport model

Micro-irrigation has become an optimal means for providing water and nutrients to crops. There is an ample space for improving fertilizer use efficiency with micro-irrigation, if the movement and reactions of fertilizers in the soil are well understood. However, the rhizosphere dynamics of nutrients is very complex, depending on many factors such as soil temperature, pH, water content, and soil and plant characteristics. Many factors cannot be easily accurately quantified. However, using state-of-the-art modelling techniques, useful and reliable information can be derived.An attempt was made to evaluate the reactive transport of urea in the root zone of a sugarcane crop under drip irrigation, and to quantify the fluxes of urea, ammonium, and nitrate into the crop roots, volatilization fluxes, and deep drainage using a numerical model. This quantification helped in designing an optimal fertigation schedule. Various parameters used in the model were taken from either the literature or the field study. A typical scenario, based on the recommended total quantity of urea for sugar cane crop under drip irrigation in India, was tested using HYDRUS-2D. The total amount of urea was divided into fortnightly doses, depending on the stage of crop growth. For this scenario, the modelled crop uptake was found to be 30% higher than the crop demand. Consequently, an optimal fertigation schedule was developed that reduced the use of urea by 30% while at the same time providing enough N for its assimilation at all stages of crop growth. This type of modelling study should be used before planning field experiments for designing optimal fertigation schedules.     

常规施肥和滴灌施肥对苹果园土壤硝态氮分布的影响

在大田条件下,通过常规施肥和滴灌施肥处理,研究了其对苹果园土壤硝态氮年周期变化及不同土壤层次分布的影响。结果表明：常规施肥和滴灌施肥处理,0—20、20—40cm土层硝态氮分布在不同物候期的变化趋势一致,均呈双峰趋势,以新梢旺长期和果实膨大期为最高;60—80、80—100cm土层硝态氮分布在不同物候期的变化趋势也一致,均变化较为平缓;而40—60cm土层硝态氮分布在苹果不同物候期差异显著,滴灌处理明显高于常规处理。     

水肥一体化在冬种马铃薯生产上的应用效果

针对雁山区冬种马铃薯存在着肥料投入与产出不协调的突出问题,进行水肥一体化试验示范。试验表明,滴灌＋常规施肥量减40%的处理比对照常规施肥增产30.38%,比滴灌＋常规100%施肥量的处理每667m2增产497kg,增产幅度为29.76%。实行水肥一体化对冬种马铃薯有很好的效果。     

滴灌条件下广西香蕉氮磷钾吸收与分配特性研究

采用大田试验,研究滴灌条件下威廉斯B6香蕉氮磷钾吸收与分配特性,为该品种香蕉的科学施肥提供理论依据。在香蕉定植后30、60、105、135、165、195和255 d采集样品,分析不同生育期各部位氮磷钾含量。威廉斯B6干物质累积量为19 912.5 kg/hm~2。氮和磷养分吸收量分别为261.8、32.4 kg/hm~2。从定植到定植后195 d,氮磷的累积速率呈上升趋势,定植后195~255 d累积速率开始下降;而钾的吸收量为758.5 kg/hm~2,钾的累积速率在定植后165 d开始下降。从定植到定植后165 d,养分主要分布在叶片、假茎和球茎;定植后195~255 d,养分主要分布在叶片、假茎和果实。收获期,果实中氮磷钾含量占植株氮磷钾吸收量的29.9%、26.5%和12.7%。广西滴灌条件下,新植威廉斯B6香蕉每公顷需要吸收N 261.8 kg、P_2O_532.4 kg、K_2O 758.5 kg。     

Effects of fertigation scheme on N uptake and N use efficiency in cotton

While fertigation can increase fertilizer use efficiency, there is an uncertainly as to whether the fertilizer should be introduced at the beginning of the irrigation or at the end, or introduced during irrigation. Our objective was to determine the effect of different fertigation schemes on nitrogen (N) uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) in cotton plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in year 2004 and 2005. According to the application timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer solution and water (W) involved in an irrigation cycle, four nitrogen fertigation schemes [nitrogen applied at the beginning of the irrigation cycle (N-W), nitrogen applied at the end of the irrigation cycle (W-N), nitrogen applied in the middle of the irrigation cycle (W-N-W) and nitrogen applied throughout the irrigation cycle (N&W)] were employed in a completely randomized design with four replications. Cotton was grown in plastic containers with a volume of 84 l, which were filled with a clay loam soil and fertilized with 6.4 g of N per pot as unlabeled and 15N-labeled urea for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Plant total dry matter (DM) and N content in N-W was significantly higher than in N&W in both seasons, but these were not consistent for W-N and W-N-W treatments. In year 2005, a significantly higher nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDFF) for the whole plant was found in W-N and N-W than that in W-N-W and N&W. Fertigation scheme had a consistent effect on total NUE: N-W had the highest NUE for the whole plant, but this was not significantly different from W-N. Treatments W-N and W-N-W had similar total NUE, and N&W had the lowest total NUE. After harvesting, the total residual fertilizer N in the soil was highest in W-N, lowest in N-W, but this was not significantly different from N&W and W-N-W treatments. Total residual NO3-N in the soil in N&W and W-N treatments was 20.7 and 21.2% higher than that in N W, respectively. The total 15 N recovery was not statistically significant between the four fertigation schemes. In this study, the fertigation scheme N-W (nitrogen applied at the beginning of an irrigation cycle) increased DM accumulation, N uptake and NUE of cotton. This study indicates that Nitrogen application at the beginning of an irrigation cycle has an advantage on N uptake and NUE of cotton. Therefore, NUE could be enhanced by optimizing fertilization schemes with drip irrigation.     

蔗区降雨分布与甘蔗需水及加肥灌溉效应

1材料与方法 1．1试验概况选择有代表性的甘蔗种植区广西壮族自治区来宾市进行田间试验，供试甘蔗品种为“台糖22”，种植密度45000芽段／hm^2。各生长阶段降雨观测在田间试验旁进行，试验地养分测定按常规方法。     

绿色环保高效的设施蔬菜土壤滴灌施肥体系

土壤滴灌施肥技术是基于栽培作物的需水需肥规律,依据实时定量供液、维持根层水分养分稳定技术原理的一种新型水肥一体化施肥技术,解决了传统土壤栽培水肥供应使根系长期处于饥饱交替逆境胁迫下及土壤易产生次生盐渍化等问题,同时实现了轻简省力、自动化和水肥高效利用的目标。详细介绍了土壤滴灌施肥的技术原理、主要装置及系统构成、技术基础及国内外应用实例,为该技术推广应用提供参考。     

棉花滴灌随水施滴灌专用肥中磷素的移动和利用率的32P研究

应用同位素32P标记肥料和放射性同位素自显影技术,在网室利用平面根槽和盆栽试验通过滴灌随水施肥的方法,研究了滴灌专用肥(新疆农垦科学院专利产品)和磷酸二铵(美国进口)2种肥料中的磷在土壤中的移动和棉株对磷肥的利用率.试验结果表明:①棉株对滴灌专用肥中磷的利用率为21.05%,磷酸二铵为16.88%.滴灌专用肥比磷酸二铵的利用率高出4.62%.②放射性自显影表明磷酸二铵中的磷在土壤中的最大垂直移动距离为6.2 cm,扩散面积为清水对照的1.85倍;滴灌专用肥中的磷在土壤中的最大垂直移动距离为7.5 cm,扩散面积为清水对照的2.21倍.肥料随水滴施,提高了磷素在土壤中的运移能力.