The importance of environment and life stage on interpretation of silky shark relative abundance indices for the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Recent large fluctuations in an index of relative abundance for the silky shark in the eastern Pacific Ocean have called into question its reliability as a population indicator for management. To investigate whether these fluctuations were driven by environmental forcing rather than true changes in abundance, a Pacific‐wide approach was taken. Data collected by observers aboard purse‐seine vessels fishing in the equatorial Pacific were used to compute standardized trends in relative abundance by region, and where possible, by shark size category as a proxy for life stage. These indices were compared to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), an index of Pacific Ocean climate variability. Correlation between silky indices and the PDO was found to differ by region and size category. The highest correlations by shark size category were for small (<90 cm total length [TL]) and medium (90–150 cm TL) sharks from the western region of the equatorial eastern Pacific (EP) and from the equatorial western Pacific. This correlation disappeared in the inshore EP. Throughout, correlations with the PDO were generally lower for large silky sharks (>150 cm TL). These results are suggestive of changes in the small and medium silky indices being driven by movement of juvenile silky sharks across the Pacific as the eastern edge of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool shifts location with ENSO events. Lower correlation of the PDO with large shark indices may indicate that those indices were less influenced by environmental forcing and therefore potentially less biased with respect to monitoring population trends.     

近55年来河西地区干旱时空演变特征及其与ENSO事件的关系

根据河西地区14个气象站点1961-2015年的逐月气象观测资料，基于SPEI指数采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法分析了近55年来河西地区年代际、四季干旱及空间变化特征，并探讨了ENSO 事件与该区干旱的关系。结果表明：在年代际变化上，自20世纪90年代以来河西地区干旱次数增多、干旱程度加重。季节时间变化上，河西地区春、夏、秋季均呈干旱化趋势，春季干旱化趋势最为突出，夏季次之，冬季略呈变湿趋势。空间变化上，整个河西地区春季均呈干旱化趋势，而且大部分地区的春旱趋势极为显著，其中春旱趋势最显著的地方是金塔；冬季整个研究区趋于湿润化。各季节干旱高频区分别集中在：春季在金塔、民勤地区，夏季在河西西北部，秋季在河西中东部及西部的安西—玉门一线，冬季在101°E以西的河西地区。河西地区秋季SPEI与SSTA指数的相关性最为显著，春季次之，夏季最弱。ENSO事件发生强度与河西地区SPEI影响因子的多项式拟合关系表明，ENSO事件强度对温度的影响高于降水；其中在ENSO暖事件(厄尔尼诺事件)发生年份，气温有明显的上升趋势；在ENSO冷事件(拉尼娜事件)发生年份，少数年份降水有所增加，对气温的影响较弱。     

Phosphorus content in five representative landscape units of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama Desert-Peru)

Phosphorus forms and content were studied in soils of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama desert, Peru) using a fractionation method. These Lomas are small hills periodically submitted to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which causes heavy rainfall. Sample soils were randomly selected in five landscape types characterized by vegetation: cactaceae (Cac), cactaceae and herbaceous (CacHerb), shrubs (Shr), trees with cover < 60% (Tree) and shrubs or trees with cover > 60%) (ShrTree). All the soils were strongly acidic and classified as loamy sand, sandy loam or silt loam. Organic carbon content was under 1% in Cac or CacHerb, then increased strongly in ShrTree (6.50%). Considering phosphorus, all the forms (labile as well resistant forms) increased markedly from Cac soils to ShrTree soils. In all the soils, the labile forms (Resin-P: range 45–105 μg g^− 1; NaHCO3-Pi: 23–123 μg g^− 1; or NaHCO3-Po: 10–122 μg g^− 1) were very high. These high phosphorus contents were attributed to the specific climatic conditions of the Lomas that feature a long period of vegetation dormancy (very dry period) and a short period of growth, following ENSO-associated precipitation. We suggested that during the dry period, plant decay and microbial cells death lead to release and accumulation of labile P in the soil, the rainfall wetting the soil, permitting vegetation growth. In this respect, the Lomas climatic conditions contribute to soil fertility, especially as labile forms of phosphorus are chiefly concerned.     

El Niño induced local extinction of coral reef bryozoan species from Northern Bahia, Brazil

The 1997-1998 El-Niño Southern Oscillation was the most severe on record and dramatically impacted corals worldwide. However, the effect of this event on the associated community of reef organisms has received much less attention. The composition of the bryozoan assemblage from the coral reefs of Northern Bahia, Brazil were monitored annually from 1995 to 2000, allowing the investigation of the effects of this large-scale stressor on an important, diverse, yet understudied component of the coral reef system. Bryozoan samples (35 replicates/reef) were collected during April/May from four shallow bank reefs (10-40 m depth) located a few kilometres off the coast, together with measurements of the associated environmental parameters. Currently 157 species have been recorded from the study area, but significant reductions in density and diversity were apparent between pre- and post El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years, multivariate analysis denoting significant changes in assemblage composition. A total of 61 species were unrecorded following the 1997-1998 ENSO event (22 species from 1997; 25 further species from 1998 and 14 more from 1999). These included several species endemic to Brazil, suggesting that the 1997-1998 ENSO has had a marked influence on the reef bryozoan community, resulting in the local extinction of several species. Bryozoan mortalities were probably initiated by elevated temperatures, but continued disappearance of species for 2 years after ENSO suggests other indirect factors are also influential. These results demonstrate that ENSO events can have severe long-term impacts on the biodiversity of coral reefs, with important conservation consequences.     

用ENSO事件的特征进行褐飞虱发生程度长期预测的研究

根据江西省泰和县1991～2007年褐飞虱发生程度的资料及1990～2007年ENSO事件的特征值资料,采用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法,建立了泰和县褐飞虱发生程度(Y)的长期预测模型:Y′=-0.20790X1+0.22877X2+4.05618,其中X1为上一年厄尔尼诺的强度,X2为当年3月南方涛动指数(Southern Oscillation Index,SOI)。该模型1991～2007年的历史拟合符合率为82.35%,2008～2009年的预报准确率为100%,并预测2010年泰和县褐飞虱发生程度为中等(3.11级)。     

Biological effects of El Niño on the Galápagos penguin

Long-term monitoring of physical and biological parameters is essential for understanding the effects of El Niño on bird populations, particularly for small or declining populations. We examined the biological effects of El Niño activity from 1965 to 2004 using instrumental sea-surface temperatures from the Galápagos Islands and 20 years of census counts of the Galápagos penguin. Between 1965 and 2004, nine El Niño events were recorded of which two were strong and seven were weak. The two strong El Niño events of 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 were followed by crashes of 77% and 65% of the penguin population, respectively. The evidence suggests that the increased frequency of weak El Niño events limits population recovery. The 2004 penguin population is estimated to be at less than 50% of that prior to the strong 1982-1983 El Niño event. We discuss the biological effects of increased El Niño intensity and frequency within the context of a 6000-year record of El Niño influence and in the light of increasing anthropogenic threats operating after 1535, when the Archipelago was discovered by Europeans.     

基于灰色系统理论的西北太平洋柔鱼CPUE关联聚类分析

利用灰色关联聚类方法对1998—2017年5—12月柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）的单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）进行聚类,分析不同强度厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件以及环境因子对柔鱼CPUE的影响。结果表明：年纬度向类群比年经度向类群的CPUE差异更明显,月经度向类群比月纬度向类群更具有季节性;强拉尼娜和弱拉尼娜事件集中的类群分类明显,厄尔尼诺、中强度拉尼娜和正常年份分类较模糊,年纬度向类群CPUE越高,海表面温度距平值（SSTA）越高,而叶绿素a质量浓度距平值（CHLA）越低。研究表明,不同强度的异常气候事件对柔鱼CPUE影响不同,强拉尼娜事件会使柔鱼CPUE骤增,弱拉尼娜事件会使柔鱼CPUE略减,而中强度以上的厄尔尼诺事件会使柔鱼CPUE大幅度下降。     

ENSO对湘西地区洪水的影响

利用中国气象局公布的日降水资料建立湘西地区5～9月2、3、5d最大降水的3种极端降水指数,发现ENSO对其后雨季湘西地区的极端降水有显著影响,其中前年7月至当年2月的相关系数都达到0.4以上,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.而1910 ～ 1981年洪水的统计显示,极端降水与湘西暴发洪水河流的条数有着很好的相关关系,而且在时间上也有较好的对应,表明极端降水是造成湘西洪水的主要原因.进一步分析发现,Nino3区海温与极端降水及洪涝之间都存在显著正相关关系,表明在El Nino年湘西地区暴发洪水灾害的可能性更大.     

Climatic oscillations and tuna catch rates in the Indian Ocean: a wavelet approach to time series analysis

We analysed the influence of climatic oscillations [based on the Indian Oscillation Index (IOI)] on monthly catch rates of two tropical tuna species in the equatorial Indian Ocean. We carried out wavelet analysis, an efficient method of time series analysis to study non‐stationary data. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of bigeye tuna was computed from Japanese longline statistics from 1955 to 2002 in the equatorial Indian Ocean and CPUE of yellowfin tuna was derived from industrial purse seine statistics from 1984 to 2003 in the Western Indian Ocean. Wavelet analyses allowed us to quantify both the pattern of variability in the time series and non‐stationary associations between tuna and climatic signals. Phase analyses were carried out to investigate dependency between the two signals. We reported strong associations between tuna and climate series for the 4‐ and 5‐yr periodic modes, i.e. the periodic band of the El Niño Southern Oscillation signal propagation in the Indian Ocean. These associations were non‐stationary, evidenced from 1970 to 1990 for bigeye, and from 1984 to 1991 and then from 1993 to 2001 for yellowfin. Warm episodes (low negative IOI values) matched increases of longline catch rates of bigeye during the 1970–1990 time frame, whereas the strong 1997–1998 warm event matched a decrease of purse seine catch rates of yellowfin. We discussed these results in terms of changes in catchability for purse seine and longline.     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对内蒙古自治区气候的影响

通过对内蒙古自治区近50a来气象资料的搜集和整理,分析了1961年以来内蒙古地区的气候变化特点,并对区内降水量、气温、自然灾害事件等因子与厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,厄尔尼诺事件发生年内蒙古地区年平均降水量比非ENSO事件年平均减少了31.45mm,拉尼娜事件发生年内蒙古地区年平均降水量比非ENSO事件年平均减少14.69mm,表明ENSO事件具有减少内蒙古地区降水量的明显作用;厄尔尼诺发生年的年平均气温比非ENSO事件年平均气温高出0.12℃,拉尼娜事件发生年的平均气温比非ENSO事件年高出0.22℃,表明ENSO事件具有使内蒙古地区气温升高的作用;ENSO事件的发生增加了内蒙古地区干旱灾害发生的可能性,且厄尔尼诺事件发生年比拉尼娜事件发生年更容易暴发干旱灾害,ENSO事件的发生通常给内蒙古地区农牧业生产带来不利影响。