ω-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪繁殖性能的影响

长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC PUFAs)在母猪营养中的作用经常被人们研究,因为猪场的盈利能力主要取决于母猪的繁殖性能。根据以往的研究结果,母猪妊娠期喂食ω-3 LC PUFAs可以减少前列腺素的合成,提高胚胎存活率和仔猪初生重;哺乳期饲喂ω-3 LC PUFAs可以提高乳汁中EPA和DHA含量,改善哺乳仔猪肠道健康和断奶重。文章论述了LC PUFAs(主要是ω-3)对现代高产母猪繁殖性能的影响,为在生产实践中合理添加应用LC PUFAs,提高母猪生产性能提供理论参考。     

采用双模态联合表征学习方法识别作物病害

基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在病害诊断中表现出色,逐渐成为了研究热点。但是,基于深度卷积神经网络建立的视觉识别模型通常只利用了图像模态的数据,导致模型的识别准确率和鲁棒性,都依赖训练数据集的规模和标注的质量。构建开放环境下大规模的病害数据集并完成高质量的标注,通常需要付出巨大的经济和技术代价,限制了基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在实际应用中的推广。该研究提出了一种基于图像与文本双模态联合表征学习的开放环境下作物病害识别模型(bimodalNet)。该模型在病害图像模态的基础上,进行了病害文本模态信息的嵌入,利用两种模态病害信息间的相关性和互补性,实现了病害特征的联合表征学习。最终bimodalNet在较小的数据集上取得了优于单纯的图像模态模型和文本模态模型的效果,最优模型组合在测试集的准确率、精确率、灵敏度、特异性和F1值分别为99.47%、98.51%、98.61%、99.68%和98.51%。该研究证明了利用病害图像和病害文本的双模态表征学习是解决开放环境下作物病害识别的有效方法。     

基于SOA的水轮机调速系统PID参数优化

针对现有优化方法复杂、易陷入局部最优等问题,为水轮机调速系统提出了一种基于人群搜索算法的比例-积分-微分控制参数优化方法.为验证该算法的可行性,建立了水轮机调速系统非线性模型,选取水轮发电机组转速偏差的积分时间绝对误差指标作为目标函数进行优化.为验证优化结果的有效性,将人群搜索算法的控制效果与参考文献中粒子群算法的控制效果进行了对比分析.仿真结果表明,在5%频率扰动下,人群搜索算法自第29次迭代起已收敛,经其优化的系统能在8秒内趋于稳定,此时系统的超调量为1.6%;在10%负荷扰动下,人群搜索算法自第25次迭代起已收敛,其优化效果与粒子群算法优化效果基本相同,两者均在10秒内让系统趋于稳定,但人群搜索算法优化的积分时间绝对误差指标比粒子群算法优化的积分时间绝对误差指标小,表明人群搜索算法具有更好的搜索功能,在一定程度上改善了孤网运行条件下机组的动态性能.     

酒糟和醋糟营养成分差异及其瘤胃降解特性分析

本试验旨在评价酒糟、醋糟等非常规饲料资源的饲用价值，为酒糟醋糟资源应用于肉牛养殖提供数据参考。试验选用山西不同地区酒糟、醋糟试样5个，试样编号分别为白酒糟、啤酒糟、醋糟1、醋糟2、醋糟3，发酵原料分别为白酒糟（高粱）、啤酒糟（大麦+大米）、醋糟1（高粱+大麦）、醋糟2（大麦+玉米）、醋糟3（高粱+玉米）。通过实验室常规方法测定样品常规营养成分以及利用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价其饲用价值，同时建立体外法与尼龙袋法测定干物质降解率的回归方程。结果表明：5个样品的干物质（DM）含量为23.25% ~ 42.96%，粗蛋白质（CP）含量分别为啤酒糟（31.84%）>白酒糟（14.58%）>醋糟3（14.40%）>醋糟1（12.21%）>醋糟2（8.46%）。醋糟1的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均为最高，其次为醋糟2、醋糟3，白酒糟NDF含量最低。啤酒糟的72 h产气量（GP72）显著高于白酒糟（P < 0.05）。体外产气法和尼龙袋法测定的酒糟72 h干物质降解率（IVDMD72、DMD72）显著高于醋糟（P < 0.05）。5个试样的IVDMD72与DMD成正相关，随着降解时间增加其相关性逐渐增加。综上，酒糟的CP含量较高（14.58% ~ 31.84%），醋糟NDF、ADF含量相对较高（59.59% ~ 64.91%，38.78% ~ 54.78%）。结合GP、IVDMD及DMD结果，酒糟消化性能优于醋糟。以IVDMD建立估算DMD的回归公式为DMD72=-19.215+1.645IVDMD72（R2=0.912，P < 0.05）|以IVDMD建立估算DM有效降解率（ED）的回归公式为ED=-12.448+1.045IVDMD72（R2=0.929，P < 0.01）。 [关键词] 醋糟|酒糟|体外产气法|尼龙袋法     

小球藻遗传转化技术研究进展

小球藻( Chlorella )是一种单细胞真核藻类,属绿藻门、绿藻纲、绿球藻目、小球藻科、小球藻属 [1] 。作为最早开发的真核微藻之一,具有高营养价值、生长快速、结构简单、易工业化集成等显著优点。其细胞形态为球形或椭圆形,直径3~12 μm,呈单生或聚集成群状生长 [2] ,分布广泛,多见于淡水、咸水和土壤中。作为地球上最早的生命之一,小球藻基因比较稳定,至今未见有关其基因自发突变的报道。因其富含蛋白质、脂质、维生素、活性代谢产物等多种营养物质而被公认为具有高附加值和医疗保健作用,已经被广泛应用于保健食品 [3] 、水产养殖 [4] 、生物能源 [5] 等方面,关于小球藻生物技术的研究主要集中在基因组学 [6] 、分子遗传学 [7] 、代谢机理 [8] 、大规模培养 [9] 等方向。     

吕梁山地区植被物候变化及对气候的响应

吕梁山地区地形垂直差异明显,植被对气候变化反应敏感,研究吕梁山地区植被物候变化,探索植被物候变化与气候的响应关系,旨在为高海拔山区植被物候研究和生态治理提供借鉴。基于2000—2015年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,通过动态阈值法提取吕梁山地区的植被物候,对气温、降水进行空间插值,并对植被2个关键物候期与气候因素进行偏相关分析。结果表明：（1）植被生长季开始日期(the start of the growing season,SOS)提前的区域约占85.7%,其中16.2%显著提前;植被生长季结束日期(the end of the growing season,EOS)推迟的区域约占90.6%,其中33.3%显著推迟。（2）区内74.8%、87.7%植被SOS分别与气温、降水呈负相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被SOS提前。植被SOS在高海拔山区受4月气温影响显著,而低海拔地区受4月降水影响显著。（3）区内72.6%、65.1%植被EOS分别与气温、降水呈正相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被EOS推迟。植被EOS在北部和西部地区受11月气温影响显著,而高海拔地区受9月降水影响显著。2000—2015年吕梁山地区植被物候发生显著变化,各地区对气温、降水的响应不同,研究结果可为区域物候、气候变化研究和陆地生态治理提供科学依据。     

不同乳酸菌组合对苜蓿青贮细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨不同乳酸菌互作对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青贮细菌群落结构的影响，以2种植物乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌及凝结芽孢杆菌形成的6种乳酸菌组合按1.5 mL·kg^-1的添加量制作苜蓿青贮，以等量蒸馏水替代添加剂作为对照，45 d后运用高通量测序分析细菌群落结构。结果表明，各苜蓿青贮的优势乳酸菌群均为厚壁菌门（Firmicates）的乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和片球菌属（Pediococcus），二者相对丰度之和为65.4%~79.0%，其中含植物乳杆菌处理高于对照和含凝结芽孢杆菌处理；与对照相比，乳酸菌组合处理提高了菌群Chao1和ACE指数但降低了Simpson和Shannon指数；6个乳酸菌组合处理中，含凝结芽孢杆菌处理组与对照相似性较高，对苜蓿青贮细菌群落影响较小；相关分析表明，苜蓿青贮菌群结构和多样性可较好地解释其营养品质的变化。综上，乳酸菌组合在一定程度上改善了苜蓿青贮的细菌群落结构，其中含植物乳杆菌的组合效果较好。     

Effects of music stimulus on behavior response,cortisol level,and horizontal immunity of growing pigs

An enriched environment is widely used to improve domestic animals’ welfare and promote their natural behaviors. Music can reduce abnormal behavior in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the effects of music on pigs. This study aims to explore the effects of repeated music stimulation on the behavior, physiology, and immunity of growing pigs. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Minpig) were randomly divided into three groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60 to 70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80 to 85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB), and 6 h sound stimulation was given per day (1000 to 1600 hours) from 40 to 100 d of age. The behavioral activities of the pigs were observed during the music stimulation, and their serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum immune indices were also measured. Compared with the control group, the music group and noise group increased activity but decreased lying of pigs (P < 0.05). A significant increase in tail-wagging, playing, and exploring behaviors of pigs was found in the music group (P < 0.05), and the noise significantly increased the aggressive behavior of the pigs (P < 0.05). Tail-wagging, playing, exploring, manipulating, and aggressive behaviors decreased over time. Short-term (8 d) music stimulus had a lower cortisol level than that of the noise and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas long-term (60 d) music stimulus increased immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.05) and decreased interleukin-4 (IL-4) level (P < 0.05). Long-term noise stimulus significantly reduced the level of IgG (P < 0.05) but did not affect the level of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term music stimulus (8 d) reduced the stress response, whereas long-term music stimulus (60 d) enhanced the immune responses. In addition, the noise increased the aggressive behavior, and long-term noise reduced the immunity of the growing pigs.     

Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.