松阳县古松树的松材线虫病现状调查与分析

古松树是历史的见证,是文化的承载,其保护工作具有重要意义,但因松材线虫的传播侵染,其生存状况不容乐观。本研究以松阳古松树为对象,基于分子检测技术,对其松材线虫病现状进行了调查与分析。结果表明,有12个乡镇近60%的古松树均已感病,疫情较为严重,需及时开展抗病保护工作。     

利用马尾松解析木对林地立地指数和立地形的研究

利用重庆市南川区马尾松解析木数据，选择合适的导向曲线方程，建立基于导向曲线的立地指数和立地形模型，并对立地形的适用性进行说明。根据散点图和三倍标准差对解析木数据进行了选择，排除了不符合要求的圆盘记录对。采用5种常用的经验生长方程对年龄-树高、胸径-树高进行拟合，根据决定系数R²,均方根误差RMES、 AIC、方程的参数变动系数以及拟合曲线对方程进行选择；根据选定的方程，求出其连续生长量方程和平均生长量方程，并采用matlab绘制出其曲线方程，根据连续生长量和平均生长量次相交后的下一个龄（径）阶，选择出基准年龄（胸径）；利用标准差调整法进行编表，编表后采用成对T检验方法对立地指数表和立地形表进行验证。结果表明，立地指数和立地形的表达精度在95%水平下显著，平均总相对误差和相对总误差都<5%，而预估精度分别达到了99.18%和99.22%，说明所编立地指数表和立地形表精度较高，能够满足编表需要。根据导向曲线绘制生长量曲线方程的方法确定基准年龄和基准胸径的方法准确可行；由于龄阶和径阶的选择差异，导致立地指数级不同，同时影响了立地形与立地指数的编表质量；由于树木的生长特性，立地形在表示立地质量时，在林木的早期将会低于立地指数，在树木生长的中后期将会高于立地指数；立地形的适用性取决于胸径与树高的相关性，相关性越强，立地形就越准确，在选择合适的优势木的情况下，立地形可以取代立地指数来表示林地质量。     

喀斯特森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程的影响

蒸发是西南喀斯特地区薄层土壤水分损失的主要途径,浅层土壤水分的存蓄对喀斯特地区农业生产和生态恢复至关重要。以西南喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土为研究对象,基于室内蒸渗试验设置4个苔藓生物量(0,0.32,0.64,0.95 kg/m~2)和3个松针生物量(0,0.32,0.64 kg/m~2)共12种处理,分析森林近地表层覆盖对碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程及表层温度时空分布的影响规律,并对比3种蒸发模型(Black、Rose、空气动力学蒸发模型)在喀斯特森林碳酸盐岩红土的适用性。结果表明:苔藓和松针覆盖显著降低累积蒸发量和蒸发速率(P0.05),接种苔藓0.95 kg/m~2和覆盖松针0.64 kg/m~2处理比裸土累积蒸发量小36.9%;苔藓和松针导致土壤含水量显著增加(P0.05);苔藓和松针增加了表层土壤的平均温度,松针对土壤温度的提升作用强于苔藓;Black、Rose和空气动力学模型均能较好地模拟碳酸盐岩红土蒸发过程,Black蒸发模型的拟合精度高于Rose和空气动力学蒸发模型。研究结果能为西南喀斯特地区的水量平衡分析提供理论支撑并加强对喀斯特森林地表水文过程的认知。     

Development of a linear mixed-effects individual-tree basal area increment model for masson pine in Hunan Province,South-central China

ABSTRACT

An individual-tree basal area increment model was developed for masson pine based on 26276 observations of 13,138 trees in 987 sample plots from the 7th (2004), 8th (2009), and 9th (2014) Chinese National Forest Inventory in Hunan Province, South-central China. The model was built using a linear mixed-effects approach with sample plots included as random effects since the data have a hierarchical stochastic structure and biased estimates of the standard error of parameter estimates could be a consequence of applying ordinary least square (OLS) for regression. In addition, within-plot heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation were also considered. The final mixed-effects model was determined according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), log-likelihood (Loglik), and the likelihoodratio test (LRT). The results revealed that initial diameter (DBH), the sum of the basal area (m²/ha) in trees with DBHs larger than the DBH of the subject tree (BAL), number of trees per hectare (NT), and elevation (EL) had a significant impact on individual-tree basal area increment. The mixed-effects model performed much better than the basic model produced using OLS. Additionally, the variance structure of the model errors was successfully modeled using the power function. However, the autocorrelation structures were not defined because there was no autocorrelation amongst the data. It is believed that the final model will contribute to the scientific management of the masson pine.     

马尾松种植技术及经济效益分析

在我国林木种植中马尾松生长在气温较高的地区，同时其分布范围相对较广。本文主要针 对马尾松种植技术和经济效益进行了分析。     

透光抚育对“栽针保阔”红松林中红松生长过程的影响

[目的]通过研究长白山地区不同透光抚育强度下"栽针保阔"阔叶红松林中红松的生长情况,揭示透光抚育对"栽针保阔"红松林中红松生长过程的影响规律,旨在为阔叶红松林的恢复、经营提供有力的科学依据。[方法]研究5种透光抚育(未采伐对照、低度择伐、中度择伐、强度择伐及上层皆伐)对红松生长的影响。[结果]红松在群落中的地位随着透光抚育强度的增大逐步得到提升,同时透光抚育能够显著提高"栽针保阔"红松林内红松优势木(63.4%~146.5%、64.6%~158.6%)、平均木(57.9%~271.1%、42.5%~261.7%)和被压木(56.5%~182.6%、95.5%~245.5%)的树高和胸径,且呈现出随透光抚育强度的增大而递增的规律性。[结论]透光抚育能显著提高红松树高和胸径生长。     

金针菇松杉木屑菌糠栽培猴头菇的技术研究

为降低猴头菇生产成本和解决松杉木屑工厂化栽培金针菇菌糠利用问题,研究了金针菇菌糠营养成分和不同配方对猴头菇产量及经济效益的影响。结果显示:金针菇菌糠含有9.8%粗蛋白、32.3%粗纤维、1.2%粗脂肪、17.9%木质素和7.7%灰分;筛选出配方2是最佳的配方,比例分别为金针菇菌糠38%、棉籽壳20%、玉米芯30%、麸皮10%、碳酸钙2%,其产量和利润分别比对照组、配方1、配方3和配方4提高了9.67%、25.00%、6.12%、8.40%和115.91%、48.44%、46.15%、25.00%。为金针菇菌糠用于猴头菇大面积栽培提供了科学依据。     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

长白山阔叶红松林早春植物生长特征研究

以长白山阔叶红松林下的早春植物为对象,对其生长发育过程、生长环境特点、生物量及其群落学特征进行研究,结果表明:长白山阔叶红松林下早春植物有12种2变种,相对重要的前10种依次为黑水银莲花、朝鲜银莲花、顶冰花、多被银莲花、东北延胡索、侧金盏花、五福花、全缘叶延胡索、大人字果、线叶延胡索;早春植物生长发育需凉爽、湿润、光照充足的环境条件,其生长发育过程与上层林冠有密切关系。长白山阔叶红松林下早春植物总生物量为395.83 kg·hm-2,其中,地上部分生物量为135.26 kg·hm-2,占总生物量的34.17%;地下部分生物量为260.57 kg·hm-2,占65.83%,总密度为272.65万株·hm-2。早春植物在森林生态系统物质循环、能量流动方面具有重要作用。     

Biology,incidence and host susceptibility of Pineus boerneri (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Colombian pine plantations

Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study.