大花君子兰叶绿体基因组及其特征

采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对大花君子兰（Clivia miniata）叶片总DNA进行测序，通过组装获得了其叶绿体基因组（cpDNA）全长序列（158 114 bp）。对其cpDNA注释得到135个基因，包含87个蛋白编码基因、40个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。采用生物信息学方法对获得的cpDNA进行简单序列重复（SSR）分析和密码子偏好性分析。结果显示：①大花君子兰cpDNA中共有61个SSR位点，其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复数分别为38、9、2、8、3和1个，多数SSR分布在基因间隔区；②大花君子兰cpDNA密码子偏爱以A或U（T）结尾，亮氨酸使用频率最高，半胱氨酸使用频率最低。基于24种植物的cpDNA全长和23种植物的叶绿体ycf2基因序列进行系统发育分析，结果显示大花君子兰与石蒜科植物在同一分支，显示最近的亲缘关系，支持大花君子兰属于石蒜科。基于叶绿体ycf2的系统发育分析结果与基于cpDNA全长的系统发育分析研究结果大部分相同，支持ycf2基因可以代替cpDNA全长用于植物系统发育分析。     

基于形态学及多基因位点的枸杞褐斑病病原鉴定

枸杞Lycium barbarum Mill.是一种药食两用的名贵中药材,褐斑病是2010年在甘肃省枸杞种植区发生的由无性态类真菌新种枸杞小黑梨孢Stigmella lycii引起的新病害,据2015年-2018年调查,该病害已扩展至甘肃省各枸杞种植区,常年发病率45%～65%,严重度2～3级。本研究首次对枸杞小黑梨孢有性态形态进行描述,并结合分子生物学方法,确定该病病原菌的系统发育地位,为该病的防治提供一定的理论依据。枸杞褐斑病菌在离体培养条件下和越冬病叶上均可形成有性态。子囊壳球形至亚球形,大小185.6μm×176.6μm,有喙,喙的大小为(35.7～53.6)μm×(32.0～53.55)μm;子囊袋状,大小(103.2～165.7)μm×(15.7～22.4)μm,含8个子囊孢子;子囊孢子砖格状,大小(25.9～36.5)μm×(9.4～14.1)μm,平均31.2μm×12.3μm,具(4～)6～7个纵隔和1～3个横隔。通过ITS、LSU、RPB2和EF1-α多基因位点联合构建系统发育树,确定该菌为子囊菌门格孢腔菌目格孢腔菌科真菌。秋末冬初清洁田园,减少来年初侵染源,是有效防治枸杞褐斑病的关键措施。     

桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA克隆及其生物信息学分析

克隆获得桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，明确钠离子通道的典型特征，为研究桃蚜抗性分子机理奠定基础。采用实验技术主要有RT-PCR和PCR，克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，利用相关软件对其序列进行生物信息学分析。克隆得到两段cDNA序列MpNa_v-1（NCBI登录号：MN124170）和MpNa_v-2（NCBI登录号：MN176136）。MpNa_v-1长度为2945 bp，包括2877 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码958个氨基酸；MpNa_v-2长度为3546 bp，包括3486 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码1161个氨基酸。MpNa_v-1和MpNa_v-2共同组成桃蚜的钠离子通道α亚基，MpNa_v-1包含同源结构域Ⅰ和同源结构域Ⅱ，MpNa_v-2包含同源结构域Ⅲ和同源结构域Ⅳ。同源比对发现，桃蚜与豌豆蚜和高粱蚜钠离子通道基因相似度分别高达97.67%和97.65%，所克隆序列包含昆虫钠离子通道α亚基典型特征，具有MFM模块，并含有蚜虫类钠通道特有模块DENS。成功地克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因，为阐明其对拟除虫菊酯类药剂产生靶标抗性的分子机制奠定基础。     

广东果树上17种拟茎点霉的RAPD分析

 自320个随机引物中筛选出适于拟茎点霉属真菌种间亲缘关系分析的15个随机引物,并优化了RAPD分析的扩增体系,在此基础上,对广东果树上17种拟茎点霉进行了RAPD分析。各菌株间的Nei相似系数UPGMA法聚类结果表明:来源于不同地区的2个Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad菌株和2个P.macadami Z.D.Jiang et P.K.Chi菌株都分别以0.636和0.589的相似系数两两首先聚在一起,而不同的种则只在小于0.54的相似系数范围内聚类,体现了种间及种内的亲缘关系差异程度;聚类群与寄主植物不具相关性,同种植物上的不同拟茎点霉,即使是分自相同寄生部位也不能聚在一类;支持形态学上将生于柑桔枝和黄皮茎、沙梨叶和果、杨梅叶和枝以及同是生于龙眼叶的共8个拟茎点霉分别鉴定为不同的种,而不支持将P. cytosporella Penz.et Sacc.与P. mangiferae合并为一个种的观点;RAPD技术可作为拟茎点霉属真菌种间的亲缘关系分析的重要手段。     

The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of a Japanese Isolate of White clover mosaic virus Strain RC

The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for genomic RNA of White clover mosaic virus (WClMV-RC) isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense) in Japan, It is 5843 nucleotides in length, excluding the poly(A) tail at the 3' terminus. Similar to other potexviruses, it contains five open reading frames (ORFs 1 through 5), which putatively encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (147 kDa), a triple gene block (TGB) (26 kDa/13 kDa/7 kDa), and a coat protein (CP) (22 kDa), respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of the WClMV-RC CP was identical to that of WClMV-O, one of two New Zealand isolates, but only 85% identical to that of WClMV-M, the other New Zealand isolate, because of heterogeneity in the C-termini of CP amino acid sequences. The implication of this CP heterogeneity is discussed. Received 30 August 2001/ Accepted in revised form 11 January 2002     

Phylogenetic relationships between rice dwarf phytoreovirus isolates from five countries

Rice dwarf virus isolates were collected from several locations in Japan, the Philippines, China, Nepal and Korea. Genomic dsRNA segment profiles in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis differed among the isolates. There were less differences in the profiles between isolates from Japan and Korea than in those between these two Countries and others. Nucleic acid hybridization was used to examine the extent of genomic variation. Full-length cDNAs to all genomic segments encoding non-structural proteins (S4, S6, S9, S10, S11 and S12) were synthesized from two Japanese isolates, and were used for dot-blot hybridization. Hybridizations using probes generated from the full-length cDNA clones failed to differentiate isolates from different geographical areas. However, cDNA probes covering a variable region of S12 were able to distinguish Japanese and Korean isolates from those of other countries. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the amino acid sequence of P12 encoded by S12 grouped Japanese and Korean isolates together. The Chinese isolates from two different locations (Yunnan and Fujian) were closely related to each other, and were the most distantly related to Japanese and Korean isolates.     

猪附红细胞体16S rRNA基因的序列测定和系统进化分析

从确诊为猪附红细胞体感染的猪场，无菌采集血样，抽提猪附红细胞体基因组DNA，采用真细菌的通用引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增，对扩增产物进行克隆和测序。从3个地理位置不同的猪场均成功地扩增出长度为1469bp的核苷酸序列。系统进化分析表明，3个猪场样品所测序列一致性达99．52％以上，具有相同的基因型，但与国外报道的猪附红细胞体Illinois株同源性为95％，属于同一基因群，但基因型不同；所有种类的附红细胞体和血巴尔通氏体组成同一进化分支，这类血营养菌与支原体科，支原体属的病原最靠近(75％)，而与立克次氏体目的病原较远(70％)。上述研究证实，广东所流行的猪附红细胞体是一种新基因型的猪附红细胞体，建议命名为猪附红细胞体广东株型；为反映进化关系，猪附红细胞体和其它血营养菌应划归于支原体科的支原体属。     

林业经济发展与气候因素的因果关系

森林资源是林业经济发展的基础能源,又与气候存在着因果关系.气候因素中的气温、湿度、降水、光照等对森林生长产生起决定性影响,林业生产总值深受气候影响,同时林业经济的发展可能对气候产生正反两方面作用.因此,人们在发展林业经济过程中要考虑到气候变化因素,积极发展木本油料能源产业.     

基于全产业链视角的食用菌产业经济效益分析

依照食用菌产业链关系,有效反映以价值转让和食用菌产品生产为主线的企业联系,并体现企业彼此间在市场供需关系基础上建立的内在关联。发展食用菌产业具备成本低、周期短、市场潜力大以及产生经济效益高等积极效应,利用食用菌产品投入产出比值方法,计算投入产出数值,衡量经济效益水平高低,有效评价食用菌产业经济效益。依据食用菌产业发展趋势,提出增加科研及技术投入,推动产业链发展、以及加强食用菌产业规划两点策略,以促进食用菌产业经济效益提升。     

A new Curvularia lunata variety discovered in Huanghuaihai Region in China

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant pathogens of Curvularia leaf spot and their pathogenicity variation in Huanghuaihai Region of China in recent years. In 2013 and 2016–2017, the occurrences of Curvularia leaf spots on maize were investigated in fields located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and 292 fungi were isolated from diseased leaves. These fungal isolates were subjected to morphological identification, and 232 isolates were found to have about 70% uncurved conidia and were identified as Curvularia lunata var. Most of the conidia of 2 representative isolates, namely, HNWB-131 and HNWB-185, were oblong with parallel septations and were distinctly different from a reference isolate CX-3. For further determination, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH), the large subunit(LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1-α) sequences of HNWB-131, HNWB-185, and CX-3 were amplified and sequenced. The results of sequence analysis showed that the 4 gene sequences from the 3 isolates had a similarity of more than 99% to C. lunata. Based on the sequences of ITS and the combined data of the 4 genes, neighbor-joining trees were constructed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these 3 isolates were clustered together with C. lunata. The expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes in mycelia and conidia was significantly(P0.05) higher in CX-3 than in HNWB-131 and HNWB-185. This study found that the dominant pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot was a new variety of C. lunata with morphological variations in Huanghuaihai Region from 2013 to 2017. The pathogenicity of the C. lunata var. was not significantly enhanced, and the expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes of C. lunata var. was decreased.