Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

Relationship of Icelandic cattle with Northern and Western European cattle breeds,admixture and population structure

ABSTRACT

Icelandic cattle is believed to have been brought from Norway during the settlement of Iceland around AD 870-930. Previous research on genetic relationships has indicated that Icelandic cattle is most related to northern Nordic indigenous breeds. Using single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from Icelandic cattle and 29 Northern and Western European cattle breeds, we studied relationships and admixture among these breeds, and assessed population structure in Icelandic cattle. Population structure analysis through principal component analysis, estimation of ancestry, and analysis of patterns of population splitting and mixing revealed that Icelandic cattle are most related to three Finncattle breeds (Eastern, Northern and Western Finncattle), and Swedish Mountain cattle. Icelandic cattle has very low levels of admixture. We observed very limited population structure in Icelandic cattle. The observed structure was due to variable sire contributions. Over 1000 years of almost complete isolation has made Icelandic cattle highly genetically distinct from other cattle breeds.     

The research in processing fMRI data using temporal-spatial model based on CCA

In the analysis of cognition of human brain,the fMRI is often used.Corelation is a common method in fMRI data detecting,but its ability should be improved.Based on the Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA),the temporal correlation and spatial correlation are used together to detect the activated area in the fMRI data.By the application of the method in simulation data and fMRI data,it shows that this method is effective in the detecting.     

基于C8051F单片机的发动机转速测量

介绍了一种基于C8051F单片机的发动机转速实时测量方法,给出了测量系统的实现技术和硬件结构,并进行了软件设计及实验。该方法在实际测量中取得了良好的效果,为发动机动力性能研究提供了重要的参考依据。     

Opelug-ontspanning op Boseiendomme

Insect-induced damage to leaves, and the growth phenology, of Olea europaea subsp. africana and Kiggelaria africana near Stellenbosch (33° 56'S, 18° 52'E) were monitored at weekly intervals between July 1980 and June 1981. The average incidence of damaged leaves was greater in K. africana than in O.e. africana (14 vs 10 %, respectively). In both species, leaf-damage appeared to be slightly more than twice as great in January-June than in July-December, and insect attacks on leaves apparently began to intensify after the plants had completed their main growth and production of new leaves in the austral spring. These findings are discussed in relation to the meagre published information on herbivory in the fynbos biome.     

高职院校学生的信息素质教育现状分析及培养途径——以广东司法警官职业学院为例

根据对广东司法警官职业学院学生信息素质教育情况的调查结果．分析了目前高职院校学生信息素质所存在的问题，并提出了图书馆对大学生进行信息素质教育的几种有效途径。     

应用PCR-DGGE技术比较绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术结合DGGE图谱条带的克隆和测序比较了绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性,同时对菌群进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃内容物DGGE图谱的平均条带数分别为18、13、16和15条;瘤胃和瓣胃内菌群的多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度均较高,分别为2.83、0.79、17.00和2.82、0.79、16.80,而网胃和皱胃内容物较低,分别为2.52、0.70、12.60和2.73、0.76、15.40;聚类分析结果显示不同胃的内容物菌群具有一定差异,但不同动物个体相同胃的内容物相似性系数均高于0.63;PCR-DGGE图谱中测序的条带大多数归为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)细菌、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌、未培养瘤胃细菌(uncultured rumen bacterium)、未培养细菌(uncultured bacterium)和韦荣球菌科(Veillonellaceae)细菌,特异性细菌为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)细菌和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)细菌。结果提示,绵羊4个胃中均含有种类丰富和数量巨大的细菌,且随着消化道部位由前往后的顺序,菌群的多样性呈现先高后降低再升高的趋势。     

传感器阵列对浓香型白酒发酵中黄水的检测研究

黄水是白酒在固态发酵过程的副产物,含有大量发酵产物,黄水的成分一定程度反映了固态发酵的信息。基于白酒固态发酵只能在线检测温度这一现状,设计了针对白酒副产物黄水的一种传感器阵列检测装置,用于检测黄水的总酸和残余葡萄糖。该传感器阵列由电导率传感器、pH传感器和氧化还原传感器构成。采用主成份分析、判别函数分析印证了传感器数据对不同样品的区分作用,再采用多元线性回归对黄水样品建立了预测模型,结果显示:该传感器阵列装置对黄水的总酸和残余葡萄糖的预测偏差分别为0.39和0.45。     

亚临界提取甜瓜籽油风味与脂肪酸关系分析

【目的】分析5个品种甜瓜籽油的挥发性风味成分与脂肪酸之间的关系。【方法】采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定不同品种甜瓜籽油的挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸,采用R语言分析PCA和变量投影重要性。【结果】5个品种甜瓜籽油中共鉴定出65种挥发性化合物,新蜜1号样品检测到的挥发性物质种类最多为37种,皇后品种的油脂中有30种,香瓜和86-1样品中有29种,绿宝石样品检测到最少,为26种,分析发现5个样品之间的挥发性物质有显著性差异。5个品种甜瓜籽油在挥发性物质成分共分成4大类,皇后与绿宝石较相近归为一类。5种甜瓜籽油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,平均为75.34%,其中亚油酸最高,平均含量达56.81%。【结论】二十四酸、十八碳烯酸、花生酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻油酸与某些香气物质有较强相关性。     

基于主成分与聚类分析的樱桃番茄品质综合评价

为探讨育种材料之间的品质差异,筛选适宜的推广品种,对29份樱桃番茄杂交组合的14个品质相关指标进行测量,运用描述性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析对樱桃番茄进行综合评价。结果表明,番茄红素的变异系数最大,达到59%;横径的变异系数最小,仅为11%。主成分分析将14个品质指标简化为5个因子,累积贡献率达79.05%。结合聚类分析,筛选出决定番茄综合品质的6个指标——单果重、糖酸比、硬度、果形指数、V_C和番茄红素。综合主成分分析筛选出综合品质得分较高的组合。聚类分析将材料分为6类,结合判别分析构建了樱桃番茄品质判别函数,模型交叉验证显示正确判别率达到79.3%。此研究为樱桃番茄的品质评价提供了新思路。