无坝渠首改建中几个问题的探讨

无坝渠首改建成有坝渠首后,抬高了上游水位,改变了原河道的水流及输沙条件。由于对无坝取水改建成有坝取水的变化情况认识不充分,致使改建工程运行一段时间后达不到原设计要求,有些还造成意想不到的后果。本文根据实际运用情况和模型试验研究,提出了将无坝渠首改建为有坝渠首时,应考虑的坝区河势规划、建筑物的尺寸及布置、运行管理等几个问题。     

悬板在低水头引水防沙工程中的应用

为了推广悬板在低水头引水防沙工程中的应用，概括介绍了悬板在悬板分层式引水和排沙漏斗中的成功应用经验：将皮氏堰改为流线堰后，在悬板下断面平均流速减小不多的情况下，悬板上水面形状更为简单，可改善枢纽的引水防沙效果：将悬板应用于排沙漏斗中，可将排除的泥沙粒径减小到0.1mm，同时减小排沙耗小量，提高排沙率。     

林草措施调控坡面降雨径流输沙效应的初步研究

利用人工模拟降雨小区试验,分析了林地和草地2种生物措施在不同坡度、不同雨强下的径流调控和产沙机制。结果表明,产流时间和降雨强度之间存在幂函数关系,与单宽输沙率之间存在线性关系,单宽输沙率与单宽流量之间亦存在线性关系。并对2种措施的调控效应进行比较,草地措施的产流、产沙调控效应均优于林地措施。     

天然悬移质泥沙粒径分布及混合平均沉速的计算

通过对处于悬浮临界状态的泥沙受力情况分析，从理论推导出了悬移质泥沙粒径的分布表达式；在此基础上，建立了天然非均匀沙混合平均沉速的计算公式，并对天然实测泥沙特征粒径进行了分析研究，建立了表征悬沙级配非均匀程度的参数d50／dcp随泥沙组成粗细程度及含沙量变化的关系式。采用大量实测资料对混合平均沉速及d50／dcp的计算公式进行了验证，计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

Testing the potential for improving quality of sediments impacted by mussel farms using bioturbating polychaete worms

Biodeposits from farmed mussels severely influence the biogeochemistry of sediments by increasing the levels of organic matter (OM). Mitigation of such negative impacts is important for the development of sustainable aquaculture operations. As a step towards developing methods for remediation of coastal sediments affected by mussel farming, the effects of the polychaete, Hediste diversicolor was evaluated experimentally. In a series of field‐ and laboratory experiments we tested hypotheses about the effects of polychaetes on sediment oxygen consumption, nutrient fluxes and sulphide pools under different polychaete densities and sedimentation regimes. The experimental results support the idea that polychaetes can mitigate negative effects on the benthic environment beneath mussel farms. H. diversicolor oxidized the sediment and generally enhanced the oxygen consumption, and thus the decomposition of OM. The accumulation of pore water sulphides were reduced and fluxes of nutrients across the sediment‐water interface increased. Additional calculations suggest that the effects of polychaetes were mainly indirect and driven by increased microbial activity due to the borrowing activity of the polychaetes. Trends of increasing decomposition with increasing polychaete density suggest that the decomposition could be further enhanced by higher densities. Overall, we concluded that H. diversicolor is a potentially strong candidate for remediation of mussel farm sediments. The results show that sediments inhabited by H. diversicolor have high assimilative capacity of OM and oxygen conditions are significantly improved following the addition of polychaetes at naturally occurring densities. However, technological developments are needed in order to allow the approach to be used in practice.     

黄河口滨海区泥沙容重试验分析研究

本文以黄河口附近的水文泥沙容重试验数据为依据,通过计算,分析得出了黄河口泥沙冲淤计算容重采用值1.533g/cc,经验证与黄委水利科学研究院提供的1.57g/cc相吻合.并初步分析了黄河口滨海区泥沙容重分布规律,以更好地服务黄河口的综合治理开发.     

地下滴灌灌水器负压吸泥影响因素试验研究

为了探究引起地下滴灌系统灌水器负压吸泥的影响因素,通过对比试验,研究分析了土壤类型、单次灌水量、灌溉次数、灌水器类型、保水剂和灌水间隔等6个因素对灌水器负压吸泥的影响规律。结果表明,1流量可调式灌水器出水孔外部及内部存在负压吸泥并引起堵塞情况。外部出水孔有3个被堵塞的所占比例最多,为26.7%;泥沙分布主要集中在灌水器出水孔的内侧附近,有极少部分泥沙甚至可以越过内凸边缘,进入灌水器内圈。2压力补偿式灌水器抗负压吸泥的能力强于流量可调式灌水器,压力补偿式灌水器外部出水口及内部未发现有泥沙,而流量可调式灌水器外部出水口及内部有泥沙;灌水器在红壤土中比黄沙土中更容易出现负压吸泥情况,灌水器在红壤土中的内部泥沙量是黄沙土中的1.12~1.76倍。3灌溉方式(单次灌水量、灌溉次数、灌水间隔)对灌水器负压吸泥的影响显著。单次灌水量小的灌水器内部泥沙量较多,灌水器单次灌水量为170 m L内部泥沙量是250 m L的1.61~2.94倍;灌溉次数与负压吸泥量成正比,灌溉次数为16次的内部泥沙量是8次的3.48~5.41倍;在同一灌溉次数的条件下,灌水间隔长度与负压吸泥量成正比。4保水剂能够有效阻隔泥沙进入灌水器内部,在添加了保水剂的灌水器中,其内部未出现负压吸泥的现象。     

絮凝黄河泥沙复配生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移及水力特征参数影响

通过室内环刀试验,研究絮凝黄河泥沙复配生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移及水力特征参数的影响。将生物炭和絮凝黄河泥沙按4∶6质量比混合成土壤改良剂,再将复配后的土壤改良剂按0,1%,2%,3%,6%,10%混合到盐碱土中。结果表明:(1)随着土壤改良剂添加量的增加,土壤孔隙度及水分含量不断增大,10%添加量下的土壤孔隙度和水分含量较未添加改良剂的处理平均增加了12%;(2)土壤饱和导水率在3%的添加量下最大,较未添加处理增大68.9%;(3)土壤改良剂添加量越大水分扩散的越慢,土壤pH越大,降低盐分的效果越不明显,试验发现3%添加量下土壤盐分降低的较为明显,17 cm以上盐分降低量达到30%~50%,但土壤pH增大不明显,仅增大4%左右,波尔兹曼参数λ增加31.5%,水分扩散速率较快。综合考虑,3%添加量处理可以较为有效地提高土壤孔隙度、土壤水分含量、饱和导水率、水分扩散率,并降低土壤表层盐分。     

The unseen transboundary commons that matter for Cambodia's inland fisheries: Changing sediment flows in the Mekong hydrological flood pulse

This paper focuses on the ‘the unseen transboundary commons’ of residues, nutrients and mobile matter associated with the annual flood pulse that support Cambodia's inland fisheries. We develop the idea of biophysical geopolitics concentrating on political‐socio‐natures rather than the purely biophysical. In the context of multiple mega‐projects in the Basin, we argue the flood pulse has become increasingly compromised, which is an urgent socio‐ecological security issue facing the Mekong region. Scores of livelihoods are dependent on the hydrological flood pulse via the reproduction of the inland fisheries, and a diversity of wetlands resources. Our paper builds on cross‐comparative research focusing on a geo‐strategic mouth of the Tonle Sap (Chhnok Tru) and a transborder area along the Mekong main‐stream (Stung Treng, Cambodia – Champasak, Laos area). By viewing biophysical matter as becoming trans‐border geopolitical matter, we wish to emphasise the critical socio‐ecological character of the hydrological flood pulse, and the urgency of cumulative spatial and temporal changes affecting diverse wetlands communities. Loss of wild capture fisheries and the more unpredictable flows of the Mekong are signs of an emergent and dangerous era of increasing environmental insecurity.     

模拟玉米茎秆流对土壤侵蚀的影响

玉米茎秆流是降雨过程中经玉米冠层截留后沿茎秆流向根部的水量,是种植坡地地表径流的重要组成部分,对植物根部的土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响。采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了成熟期玉米茎秆流对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。试验土槽长为0.40 m、宽为0.23 m、深为0.14 m;采用直径为2 cm的PVC管模拟成熟期玉米茎秆,高度为1.2 m;模拟茎秆流量为5,10,15 g/s,用相同降雨条件下无茎秆流坡地作为对照措施;降雨强度为60,90,120 mm/h,降雨历时108 min,坡度为10°。结果表明:(1)与对照措施相比,茎秆流具有加快坡地地表产流的作用;(2)模拟茎秆流条件下地表产流量和产沙量均高于对照,相较无茎秆流坡地,3个降雨强度下各茎秆流量的产流贡献率为14.90%~43.10%,产沙贡献率为12.47%~26.75%;(3)茎秆流在茎秆周围地表形成细小股流,促使坡地土壤侵蚀过程由面蚀向细沟侵蚀转变,从而增加了坡地土壤侵蚀量。因此,在坡地水土流失计算与评价中应考虑茎秆流的土壤侵蚀作用。