不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土水盐特性的影响

针对滨海盐渍土盐分含量高和土壤导水性能差的问题,采用禾康盐碱土改良剂、康地宝盐碱土改良剂、金满田生物菌剂、腐殖酸和石膏5种土壤改良剂,通过田间小区试验,分析测定了土壤含水量、土壤盐分含量、pH值、容重和饱和导水率等指标,并测定了作物收获产量,筛选适宜于改良研究区滨海盐渍土水盐特性的改良剂.试验结果表明:(1)土壤水分含量变化极大地影响着土壤的含盐量,土壤含水量与土壤含盐量呈极显著线性负相关关系.(2)腐殖酸在抑制滨海盐渍土盐分和降低土壤容重方面效果最佳,经腐殖酸(300 kg/hm2)处理后,0-5,5-20和20-40 cm土层盐分含量较CK分别减少了29.2％,32.6％和25.9％,土壤容重较CK减少了10.2％,土壤孔隙度和饱和导水率较CK也相对提高.(3)5种改良剂不同程度提高了作物的产量,以腐殖酸处理作物增产效果最为明显,玉米和油菜产量较CK分别增加了104.8％和41.6％.     

基于水分特性的采煤沉陷地充填复垦黄河泥沙容重优选

为探究黄河泥沙容重与水分运动特征参数的关系,优选黄河泥沙充填复垦的最佳容重设计,运用土壤的概念和性质进行类比研究。根据不同容重条件下饱和含水率与饱和导水率的实测值、van Genuchten模型中进气吸力相关参数?和经验参数m的模拟值,分别建立经验模型,相关系数0.992~0.995(P0.01),决定系数0.938~0.990,理论值与实测值相对误差均控制在10.77%以内。研究结果:1)饱和含水率与饱和导水率均随黄河泥沙容重的增大而减小;2)黄河泥沙中非毛管孔隙度占比高,渗透初期非饱和导水率大,在低吸力段迅速失水;3)黄河泥沙容重为1.5 g/cm3毛管孔隙度最大,更有利于土壤有效水分的保持。在黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的实践过程中对黄河泥沙充填层进行合理的机械压实,使容重控制为1.5 g/cm3,能够在一定程度上提高黄河泥沙的持水性,实现黄河泥沙充填复垦耕地生产力水平的提高。     

苏打碱土盐分淋洗与饱和导水率的关系

土壤饱和导水率是土壤重要的物理性质之一,反映了土壤入渗和渗漏性质,是计算土壤剖面水通量和排水工程设计的一个重要土壤水力参数[1]。准确地估测农田饱和导水率,对于制定正确的水分和盐分、水分和养分的管理措施及有效地防止污染物对环境的影响,都有十分重要的意义。已有研究表明,饱和导水率受土壤质地、结构、盐分含量与组成、容重或孔隙度、土壤水分特征等诸多因素影响[2-7]。就碱土而言,饱和导水率低是其标志性特征之一[8-10],提高饱和导水率是有效淋洗碱土盐分的基本前提[11]。松嫩平原是国内仅次于黄淮海平原的第二大平原,其西部是中国五大盐渍土分布区域之一[12]。土壤盐分以NaHCO3和NaCO3为主[     

初始含水量对盐碱土饱和导水能力和盐分淋洗的影响

为了探究初始含水量对盐碱土饱和导水能力和盐分淋洗的影响,采用室内模拟试验,进行了6个不同初始含水量的定水头饱和导水能力试验。结果表明,盐碱土饱和导水率随初始含水量的增加而减小,二者呈显著的线性负相关;随初始含水量的增加,淋洗液pH值降低,电导率升高;随盐碱土饱和导水率的增大,淋洗液pH值升高,电导率降低,二者均与饱和导水率间呈对数关系。长期淹水状态下,盐碱土饱和导水能力平稳降低,盐分淋洗效果也变差。     

添加木本泥炭和膨润土对侵蚀退化黑土理化性质的影响

为减缓黑土农田侵蚀退化,提高农田地力。本研究选取典型侵蚀退化黑土地,向土壤中添加木本泥炭和膨润土,利用室内模拟和田间原位观测相结合,进行土壤饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率以及持水性、有机碳含量和作物产量研究。结果显示：室内条件下添加2%或4%木本泥炭会使饱和导水率分别降低14.3%和增加9.9%、导气率分别增加18.9%和4.1%、相对气体扩散率分别增加15.5%和6.6%、有机碳含量分别增加39.4%和71.5%、盆栽玉米产量分别增加2.0倍和1.9倍;添加1%膨润土会使饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率分别降低63.2%、55.3%和7.6%,有机碳含量和盆栽玉米产量分别增加1.0%和1.1倍;添加2%或4%木本泥炭和1%膨润土会使饱和导水率分别降低65.8%和73.1%、导气率分别降低33.2%和32.8%、相对气体扩散率分别增加0.2%和降低4.7%、有机碳含量分别增加37.8%和70.6%、盆栽玉米产量分别增加1.9倍和1.5倍。大田中添加木本泥炭会使土壤饱和导水率、相对气体扩散率、有机碳含量和大豆产量分别增加75.0%、32.0%、36.1%和43.2%,土壤导气率降低45.2%;添加膨润土会使土壤饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率分别降低39.1%、44.4%和44.0%,有机碳含量和大豆产量分别提高3.6%和4.2%,但有机碳含量和大豆产量差异不显著。混合添加木本泥炭和膨润土会使土壤饱和导水率、相对气体扩散率、有机碳含量和大豆产量分别增加134.4%、28.0%、36.0%和26.3%,土壤导气率降低38.2%。添加木本泥炭和膨润土均可提高土壤持水能力,添加膨润土的处理有机碳分解减慢。总之,混合添加效果最好,可提高土壤通气透水性、持水能力、有机碳含量和作物产量,并有助于有机碳累积。     

生物炭添加对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响

为明确生物炭添加对皖南旱地典型土壤供水能力的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了3种生物炭(竹炭、稻炭和烟炭)及3种添加比例(2%,5%,10%)对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响。结果显示:土壤容重随生物炭添加量的增加而减小,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量及田间持水量随生物炭的添加而呈增加的趋势,竹炭2%、5%和10%添加处理及稻炭与烟炭5%和10%添加处理在降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量和田间持水量较对照有差异显著(P0.05)。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤有效水分范围进一步增大,速效水与中效水含量增加,提高了土壤对作物的供水能力;同时,生物炭在一定程度上减少了水分蒸发,提高了土壤的保水保湿能力。因此,合理施用生物炭对改善土壤供水能力有着重要作用,在我国南方红壤旱地中有很强的适用性。     

盐碱土入渗下修正Green-Ampt模型参数确定与验证

为进一步探究盐碱土的入渗机理,实现科学的盐碱土农业生产与灌溉,基于传统Green-Ampt模型,根据盐碱土的入渗特性引进扩散率D(θ),并结合对土壤剖面含水量分布的划分假定对模型进行修正。利用5种盐碱土进行一维积水入渗试验,采用入渗率、湿润锋数据验证该修正模型。结果显示：修正模型模拟值与实测值的一致性良好,进行相关分析得到5种盐碱土入渗率R2平均值为0.983,平均绝对误差均小于0.05;湿润锋R2平均值为0.868,平均绝对误差均小于3.50。将修正模型参数饱和导水率、湿润锋面基质吸力值与盐碱土盐分离子含量进行相关分析,结果显示基质吸力值随K++Na+含量的减少而减小,饱和导水率随K++Na+含量的减少而增大。该修正模型经验证可应用于不同盐渍化程度的盐碱土入渗过程模拟,从而为深入盐碱土水分入渗机制研究与加快盐碱土农业生产提供理论支持。     

生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和作物产量的持续效应

以江西进贤旱地红壤为供试土壤,连续3a观测施用生物质炭(0t/hm2,2.5t/hm2,5t/hm2,10t/hm2,20t/hm2,30t/hm2和40t/hm2)后土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、土壤pH、有机碳、阳离子交换量及油菜和红薯产量的变化。结果表明:生物质炭连续3a降低土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度和土壤饱和导水率,提升了土壤pH,增加了土壤有机碳和阳离子交换量;油菜和红薯产量均随生物质炭施用量的增加而增加,且红薯产量增幅大于油菜。随种植年限的延长,作物产量增幅越大。高施用量(40t/hm2)处理在旱地红壤上的改良效果和增产效应最好,施用生物质炭后第3a其土壤容重下降了0.17g/cm3,土壤孔隙度和饱和导水率分别增加了11.71%和126.57%,土壤pH、有机碳和阳离子交换量分别提高了7.25%,47.88%和44.61%,油菜和红薯产量分别增加了1.23t/hm2和14.83t/hm2。在连续3a内,旱地红壤施用生物质炭对改善土壤理化性状,维持作物增产具有持续效应,为生物质炭在红壤地区的大规模推广应用提供了科学依据。     

生物质炭短期添加对不同类型土壤水力性质的影响

为探究生物质炭添加对农田土壤水力性质的影响，以我国10个地区农田耕层土壤为供试土样，通过室内模拟试验，研究4种生物质炭添加比例下(C0、C5、C10和C15，生物质炭体积占比分别为0%、5%、10%和15%)土壤饱和导水率(Ks)、水分特征曲线及van Genuchten模型拟合参数和水分常数的变化特征。结果表明：生物质炭添加对土壤渗透性能的影响与土壤质地密切相关；添加生物质炭后，砂粒含量较高的风砂土和黄绵土的Ks显著降低，C15的降幅分别为89.2%和85.0%；而黏粒含量较高土壤的Ks普遍升高，C15处理下赤红壤的增幅高达158.9%。生物质炭添加改变了土壤的持水能力，且变幅随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增大。生物质炭添加提升了各类土壤的饱和含水量(0.7%～17.6%)和低吸力段的持水能力；生物质炭添加对中、高吸力水平下各类土壤持水能力的影响存在差异，大致表现为砂质土持水能力提升、残余含水量增大、α值降低；而壤质、黏质土持水能力下降，残余含水量、田间持水量及凋萎系数均降低。研究结果可为考虑生物质炭施用的平衡模拟提供水力学基础参数，并为各地区农田生物质炭的合理施用提供科学依据。     

坡面尺度土壤特性的空间变异性

通过对20m长坡面土壤特性空间变异性的经典统计学分析,结果表明:(1)在同一土壤剖面内,各级粒径含量呈弱变异性,而有机质含量随土层深度的增大而逐渐降低,呈中等变异性;(2)土壤干容重的空间变异性较小,呈弱变异性,但土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性;(3)水分特征曲线具有一定的空间变异性,比水容量空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性。坡面土壤饱和导水率和干容重的等值线图表明,土壤饱和导水率的变化趋势并不仅仅取决于土壤干容重的相对大小,可能与有机质含量、黏粒含量以及根系分布情况等也有一定的关系。     

Short-term effects of biochar and gypsum on soil hydraulic properties and sodicity in a saline-alkali soil

Salt and sodicity of saline-alkali soil adversely affect the construction of ecological landscapes and negatively impact crop production. The reclamation potential of biochar (BC, wheat straw biochar applied at 1% by weight), gypsum (G, 0.4% by weight), and gypsum coupled with biochar (GBC) was examined in this laboratory-based study by evaluating their effects on a saline-alkali soil (silt loam) with no amendment as a control (CK). Saline ice and fresh water (simulated rainfall) were leached through soil columns to investigate changes in salt content, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), alkalinity, and pH of the leachate and the soil. Results showed that saturated water content and field water capacity (FWC) significantly increased by 4.4% and 5.6%, respectively, in the BC treatment after a short incubation time. Co-application of biochar and gypsum (GBC) increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) by 58.4%, which was also significantly higher than the sole addition. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate decreased sharply after saline ice leaching; subsequent freshwater leaching accelerated the removal of the rest of the salts, irrespective of the amendment application. However, the application of gypsum (G and GB) significantly enhanced the removal of exchangeable Na+ and reduced leachate SAR. After leaching, the soil salt content decreased significantly for all treatments. The application of gypsum resulted in a significantly lower soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), SAR, and alkalinity values than those recorded for the CK and BC treatments. These results demonstrated that the co-application of gypsum and biochar could improve saline-alkali soil hydraulic conductivity and decrease leaching-induced sodicity over a short period.     

亚热带土壤导水特征对钠盐溶液浓度的响应

再生水中高浓度钠盐溶液入渗对土壤水力特性的影响是长期低质水灌溉引起土壤生态环境退化的关键问题之一。该文采用定水头渗透法、一维水平土柱吸渗法测定不同浓度钠盐溶液条件下亚热带地区黏性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、水稻土、紫色土共5种土壤的水动力学参数,分析了土壤理化性质和钠盐溶液浓度对土壤导水特征的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:土壤粉粒、交换性钙及交换性镁含量具有促进土壤水分运动的作用,而土壤黏粒、交换性铁及交换性铝含量则表现出抑制作用。与蒸馏水处理相比较,钠盐加快了土壤水分黏性潮土、沙性潮土及水稻土中的土壤水分运动速率,分别可最高提升其土壤水分扩散率为22.0%、37.3%、39.7%;钠盐减缓了红壤和紫色土的水分扩散速率,溶液钠盐浓度越高,其抑制作用越明显。土壤饱和导水率随溶液盐浓度升高呈先降后升的趋势,1~10 g/L钠盐浓度范围内土壤饱和导水率与钠盐浓度具有良好的抛物线关系(R^2>0.807),各土壤导水率最小极值点的钠盐浓度在5 g/L左右。因此,再生水灌溉利用时其盐浓度适度控制低于其极值点浓度。     

The effects of biochar and hoggery biogas slurry on fluvo-aquic soil physical and hydraulic properties: a field study of four consecutive wheat–maize rotations

Purpose

The degeneration of fluvo-aquic soils due to long-term excessive fertilization is increasing in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Products from crop straw and livestock breeding wastewater, biochar, and biogas slurry provide safe and efficient biomass resources for soil quality improvement. We assumed that biochar and biogas slurry could improve soil structure and soil water retention capacity for their special characteristics. The present study aimed to compare the effects of biochar and hoggery biogas slurry treatments on improvements to soil physical properties and water-holding capacity, and their different driving mechanisms.

Materials and methods

This study was based on a field experiment of four consecutive winter wheat–summer maize rotations on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Using the principle of equal nitrogen inputs, three treatments were conducted: conventional farming fertilizers, biochar, and hoggery biogas slurry. The differences in indicators such as soil bulk density, total porosity, aggregate structure, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and hydraulic property parameters between different treatments were compared and analyzed. The driving factors generating these differences were also discussed.

Results and discussion

Compared to conventional fertilization, soil bulk density decreased under biochar and hoggery biogas slurry treatments, whereas soil total porosity increased after hoggery biogas slurry treatment. In the 0–20-cm soil layer, biochar treatment increased the content of >2-mm macrosoil aggregates and hoggery biogas slurry treatment increased the content of 0.25–0.5 or 1–2-mm soil aggregates. The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in the 0–20-cm soil layer did not change significantly with biochar application, but increased with hoggery biogas slurry treatment. The application of biochar and hoggery biogas slurry improved the water-holding capacity, increasing the field capacity by 15.34 and 13.83 %, and the available water content by 16.20 and 25.87 %, respectively, in the 0–20-cm soil layer.

Conclusions

Both biochar and hoggery biogas slurry treatments significantly improved soil structure and water-holding capacity. Biogas slurry treatment significantly increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil aggregate content, while biochar treatment significantly decreased bulk density and increased total porosity of the soil.

     

生物炭对沙质土水分蒸发和导水率的影响

Biochar, as a kind of soil amendment, has important effects on soil water retention. In this research, 4 different kinds of biochars were used to investigate the influences of biochar addition on hydraulic properties and water evaporation in a sandy soil from Hebei Province, China. Biochar had strong absorption ability in the sandy soil. The ratio of water content in the biochar to that in the sandy soil was less than the corresponding ratio of porosity. Because of the different hydraulic properties between the sandy soil and the biochar, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil gradually decreased with the increasing biochar addition. The biochar with larger pore volume and average pore diameter had better water retention. More water was retained in the sandy soils when the biochar was added in a single layer, but not when the biochar was uniformly mixed with soil. Particle size of the added biochar had a significant influence on the hydraulic properties of the mixture of sand and biochar. Grinding the biochar into powder destroyed the pore structure, which simultaneously reduced the water absorption ability and hydraulic conductivity of the biochar. For this reason, adding biochar powder to the sandy soil would not decrease the water evaporation loss of the soil itself.     

生物炭对沙质土水分蒸发和导水率的影响（英文）

Biochar,as a kind of soil amendment,has important effects on soil water retention.In this research,4 different kinds of biochars were used to investigate their influences on hydraulic properties and water evaporation in a sandy soil from Hebei Province,China.Biochar had strong absorption ability in the sandy soil.The ratio of water content in the biochar to that in the sandy soil was less than the corresponding ratio of porosity.Because of the different hydraulic properties between the sandy soil and the biochar,the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil gradually decreased with the increasing biochar addition.The biochar with larger pore volume and average pore diameter had better water retention.More water was retained in the sandy soil when the biochar was added in a single layer,but not when the biochar was uniformly mixed with soil.Particle size of the added biochar had a significant influence on the hydraulic properties of the mixture of sand and biochar.Grinding the biochar into powder destroyed the pore structure,which simultaneously reduced the water absorption ability and hydraulic conductivity of the biochar.For this reason,adding biochar powder to the sandy soil would not decrease the water evaporation loss of the soil itself.     

生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展

生物质炭在农业与环境中的应用已成为近期国内外研究热点,有关生物质炭特性以及生物质炭对土壤化学、生物学性质和作物产量的影响,已经有一些综述,但是生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的相关综述很少。本文对近10年生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响相关的研究成果进行了整理分析。研究结果发现生物质炭可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加田间持水量和土壤有效水含量,降低饱和导水率等。生物质炭影响土壤物理性质的主要原因是生物质炭具有较大的比表面积和孔隙度。此外,生物质炭与土壤矿质颗粒结合,并通过对土壤微生物活性和植物生长的影响间接影响土壤物理性质。生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响与多种因素有关,如生物质炭原料、裂解温度、施用量和颗粒大小,土壤质地和处理时间等。关于生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的长期研究很少,且缺乏田间试验。因此,将来的研究应更加倾向于长期田间条件下生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响,并逐渐发现生物质炭的作用机理,为实际的农业生产和生态治理提供科学依据。     

低分子量聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤水动力参数的影响

通过室内模拟试验研究了低分子量聚丙烯酰胺在混合施用下对盐渍化土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率、水平扩散率的影响。结果表明:随着聚丙烯酰胺施用量的增加,盐渍化土壤的饱和导水率呈减小趋势且随着盐渍化程度加重减小程度逐渐减轻。土壤水吸力相同时,轻度盐渍化土壤聚丙烯酰胺施用量为0.25 g/kg时其持水能力最强,中度、重度盐渍化土壤施用聚丙烯酰胺0.5 g/kg时其持水能力最佳,聚丙烯酰胺对中度盐渍化土壤的持水能力的作用效果较好,重度盐渍化不佳。土壤含水量相同时,聚丙烯酰胺含量越高,土壤水平扩散率越小,且随着盐渍化程度的加重土壤水平扩散率减小幅度逐渐增大。     

滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究

确定苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和导水率的影响因素,构建适合该区的土壤转换函数,是研究该区田间土壤水盐运动和盐渍化防控的重要前提。本文在该区典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本理化性质,探讨了该区土壤饱和导水率的剖面分布特点,对影响饱和导水率的土壤基本性质进行了主成分分析,并建立了用于该区饱和导水率间接估算的土壤转换函数。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率随剖面深度增加呈表土层高、亚表层低、底土层又升高的趋势,20~40 cm土层饱和导水率最小,介于2.75~6.73 cm·d-1,属低透水强度;土壤容重随剖面深度增加表现出与饱和导水率相反的变化特点。除了容重、孔隙度、质地等物理因素外,土壤肥力、盐分等化学性质也是影响饱和导水率的重要因素;影响滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的因素可由持水特性、盐碱状况、养分特征和土壤质地4个主成分反映,其累计贡献率达78.17%。在Vereecken转换函数中引入土壤盐分后可提高预测精度,修正函数Vereecken_1是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数。本文构建的土壤转换函数,可通过较易获得的砂粒、黏粒、容重、盐分和有机质对耕层土壤饱和导水率进行较高精度的预测,其结果可为滩涂盐渍化农区田间尺度土壤饱和导水率间接估算以及水盐运动数值模拟提供支持。     

Improvement of physical and hydraulic properties of desert soil with amendment of different biochars

Purpose

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amendment of different biochars on the physical and hydraulic properties of desert soil.

Materials and methods

Biochars were produced with woodchip, rice straw, and dairy manure at temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. Each biochar at 5% (w/w) was mixed with desert soil, and the mixtures were incubated for 120 days.

Results and discussion

The different biochar treatments greatly reduced soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Especially the rice straw biochar addition resulted in the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivities among the treatments. Biochar addition significantly increased water retention of desert soil at any suction. At the same suction and experimental time, the treatment with the rice straw biochar produced at the lower temperature resulted in higher water content than the other treatments. The biochar additions slightly enhanced formation of soil macro-aggregates in the early experimental time. However, the aggregate contents gradually decreased with time due to the lack of effective binding agents (e.g., soil organic matter and clay minerals).

Conclusions

The changes of hydraulic properties of desert soil were attributable to the biochar properties. The higher fine particle content, porosity, and surface hydrophilicity of rice straw biochars were the most beneficial properties to increase soil water retention and to reduce water flow in the desert soil. The improvement of hydraulic properties by biochar addition may provide a potential solution to combat desertification.