Nitrogen management improves lodging resistance and production in maize (Zea mays L.) at a high plant density

Lodging in maize leads to yield losses worldwide.  In this study, we determined the effects of traditional and optimized nitrogen management strategies on culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, root growth, lodging percentage and production in maize at a high plant density.  We compared a traditional nitrogen (N) application rate of 300 kg ha^–1 (R) and an optimized N application rate of 225 kg ha^–1 (O) under four N application modes: 50% of N applied at sowing and 50% at the 10th-leaf stage (N1); 100% of N applied at sowing (N2); 40% of N applied at sowing, 40% at the 10th-leaf stage and 20% at tasseling stage (N3); and 30% of N applied at sowing, 30% at the 10th-leaf stage, 20% at the tasseling stage, and 20% at the silking stage (N4).  The optimized N rate (225 kg ha^–1) significantly reduced internode lengths, plant height, ear height, center of gravity height and lodging percentage.  The optimized N rate significantly increased internode diameters, filling degrees, culm mechanical strength, root growth and lignin content.  The application of N in four split doses (N4) significantly improved culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, and root growth, while it reduced internode lengths, plant height, ear height, center of gravity height and lodging percentage.  Internode diameters, filling degrees, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, number and diameter of brace roots, root volume, root dry weight, bleeding safe and grain yield were significantly negatively correlated with plant height, ear height, center of gravity height, internode lengths and lodging percentage.  In conclusion, treatment ON4 significantly reduced the lodging percentage by improving the culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, and root growth, so it improved the production of the maize crop at a high plant density.     

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return

Dry direct-seeded rice (DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient, relatively cheap, and environmentally friendly.  However, this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.  To address this problem, we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5=100, 190, 280, 370, and 460 seedlings m⁻², respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.  We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.  The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.  There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density, and the maximum yield (9.34−9.47 t ha⁻¹) was obtained under B3.  The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m⁻² and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.  The higher total spikelet number m⁻² under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m⁻² compared with B1 and B2.  Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5, these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.  Lower biomass, smaller leaf area, and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.  The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m⁻² of land, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf area index.  Furthermore, the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio, as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.  A quadratic function predicted that 260−290 seedlings m⁻² is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.  Together, these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density, and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem, is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.     

不同前茬作物与种植密度对大蒜农艺性状的影响

为研究不同前茬作物和种植密度对大蒜生长发育的影响,通过设定大豆茬(A1)、谷子茬(A2)和不同密度(M1、M2)两因素试验,测定不同处理的大蒜农艺性状指标和产量。试验结果表明,大蒜的农艺性状指标A1处理高于A2处理,M2处理高于M1处理,处理间产量没有显著差异。在生产中可以通过优化前茬作物和种植密度来提升大蒜商品性。     

冷凉灌区马铃薯施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长及产量的影响

为了明确不同施肥量（复合肥）和种植密度对冷凉灌区马铃薯生长的影响。试验以‘冀张薯12号’为供试品种,开展施肥量与种植密度二因素试验,设3个施肥量（600、1100、1600 kg/hm²）与4个种植密度（5.25万、6万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm²）,研究不同施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长、产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：增加施肥量能延缓马铃薯生育期,提高种植密度能缩短生育期;随施肥量增大,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值均显著增大;随种植密度增加,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值与产量均表现为先增后减趋势,施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯株高、SPAD值与产量的影响顺序为施肥量>密度;随施肥量和群体种植密度的增加,马铃薯大薯产量、大薯数、产量、水分利用效率均呈先增后减的变化趋势,产量要素之间呈极显著正相关关系,其中,以处理F₂D₃的马铃薯产量与水分利用效率最大。通过二元二次回归分析表明,当施肥量达到1065.366 kg/hm²,种植密度达到6.746万株/hm²时,马铃薯能够获得最大的产量50255.98 kg/hm²。施肥量达到1044.312 kg/hm²,种植密度6.582万株/hm²时水分利用效率达到最大110.456 kg/(hm²·mm)。适宜的施肥量与种植密度能够促进马铃薯生长,有利于马铃薯产量与水分利用效率的提高,当施肥量（复合肥）介于1044.312~1065.366 kg/hm²时,种植密度介于6.582万~6.746万株/hm²时能实现增产和水分利用协同增加,是冷凉地区马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。     

密度与生长调节剂互作对夏玉米‘淄单11’产量与抗倒性状的影响

通过种植密度与多种生长调节剂互作,对夏玉米‘淄单11’的叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量、籽粒灌浆速率与产量性状进行试验分析,探讨鲁中地区夏玉米‘淄单11’良种良法推广的合理种植密度及生长调节剂的选择使用。结果表明：‘淄单11’最大种植密度7.5万株/hm²,超过此密度会显著降低产量。密度增加不施用生长调节剂会减弱‘淄单11’秸秆的抗倒伏能力。6.75万株/hm²密度‘氨基酸水溶肥’处理可获得最佳的产量,成熟期延后可作为储藏玉米果穗生产,但不宜过迟收获;7.5万株/hm²密度‘30%氨酰酯·乙烯利’处理能以较低的叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量,较短的成熟期获得相对稳定的产量,且抗倒伏能力最佳,适宜鲁中平原地区‘淄单11’土地集约化模式的粮食生产。     

苏北典型乡村聚落的时空演变特征研究——以东海县为例

为探讨乡村聚落的时空演变特征,以江苏省东海县为研究对象,基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2020年研究区乡村聚落图斑数据,采用景观格局指数、标准差椭圆、核密度、可达性和空间自相关分析等方法,测度与评估研究区乡村聚落用地时空变化特征。结果表明：1)1990—2020年东海县乡村聚落总面积与平均面积呈逐年递增的趋势,伴随着聚落总面积的逐步增加,聚落斑块数量逐步减少;研究区乡村聚落先后经历了“点状增加-块状增加与减少并存-点、带式同步小幅增加”的过程。乡村聚落增减变化以点状变化和块状变化为主,其中块状变化主要分布于县城区和建制镇周围;2)东海县乡村聚落基本空间格局较为稳定,保持“西—东”方向分布。从方向上看,研究区1990—2020年乡村聚落重心经历了“东北—南向—东移”的方向转换过程;3)1990—2020年东海县乡村聚落变化由缓慢变化期到快速波动期再进入平稳发展期,整体呈协调发展态势;4)1990—2020年,东海县乡村聚落增减变化受到城镇、交通和水源可达性小于15 min的影响较大,随着乡村经济发展水平的提高,农村生活方式的现代化转变,乡村聚落更倾向于靠近城镇与交通干线扩展,临...     

2003-2018年龙南县地闪时空分布特征分析

利用江西省雷电监测系统获取的2003—2018年赣州地区范围内的地闪定位资料,对闪电的基本特性、日变化、月变化以及闪电密度的分布等方面进行了分析。结果表明,闪电强度平均值为8.27 k A;负地闪数占总闪电数的95.4%,平均闪电强度为-9.94 k A;正负闪电比为4.6%,正闪平均强度为26.38 kA;闪电的月变化表现为单峰型,主要出现在4—9月,其中6—8月最为频繁;一天中闪电活跃期为13:00—19:00;闪电密度分布由北往南依次减少。     

1979—2020年杭州市富阳区土地利用对耕层土壤有机碳储量变化的影响

土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量变化影响显著,在制定土地政策时,必须考虑土地利用变化对土壤碳储量的动态影响。以杭州市富阳区为研究对象,探讨了1979—2006年间土地利用变化对碳储量的影响,并预测评价了县区级土地利用规划政策对土壤碳库的影响。结果显示:研究区1979—2006年间土地利用变化导致全区植被碳总量损失为273.4 Gg,表层土壤(0—20 cm)有机碳总量损失为771.0 Gg,建设占用耕地和林地是导致土壤碳储量下降的主要原因。预测2006—2020年间研究区植被碳损失的年均速率将减至25.93 kg·hm^-2,土壤有机碳损失的年均速率将减至27.48 kg·hm^-2。制定合理政策和有效措施来保护林地,抑制建设用地增长,扭转土壤碳损失趋势势在必行。     

Peanut macronutrient absorptions characteristics in response to soil compaction stress in typical brown soils under various tillage systems

Soil tillage, a major agricultural management, could effectively alter soil structure and plant growth, particularly under groundnut plantations. To understand effects of different tillage measures on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) absorptions and use efficiencies for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), four tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), deep loosing (DL), deep plow (DP), and shallow plow (SP), were examined for two growing years at three typical peanut-producing sites of Qishan, Wangcheng, and Xiadian in Shandong, China. Results showed that average soil bulk density under DL, DP, and SP at the three sites was decreased by 7.1–19.5% compared with NT treatment for the 2 years. Significantly higher average total N accumulations in underground peanut part patterned as DP (163 kg/ha) > SP (149 kg/ha) > DL (144 kg/ha) > NT (117 kg/ha), while total N in aboveground peanut part was 8.7–22.1% higher under DP than other treatments. Absorptions of N, P, and K in underground parts were extremely significantly contributed to high peanut yields (P < 0.01), whereas increase of N and P absorptions in aboveground parts did not promote peanut yields. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with plant macronutrient amounts in underground peanut parts and peanut yields (P < 0.01). Moreover, N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios were similar between NT and noncompaction stress treatments of DL, DP, and SP. These results indicate that DP is a rational tillage practice for promoting nutrient uptake amount, efficiency, and peanut yields by alleviating soil compaction stress in peanut-producing fields.     

福建省露地及设施蔬菜烟粉虱越冬种群密度及耐寒性研究

2017年1月9—12日和2月21—24日,在南平建瓯、三明将乐、三明三元、福州闽侯、龙岩新罗以及漳州龙海等6个地区,调查了大棚和露地烟粉虱越冬寄主及种群密度,以期明确福建省露地及设施蔬菜烟粉虱越冬规律,为烟粉虱的综合治理提供理论依据。共记录烟粉虱越冬寄主6科16种,主要包括栽培蔬菜花椰菜、番茄、茄子以及阔叶类杂草龙葵、小飞蓬、辣子草和胜红蓟。在露地花椰菜上,烟粉虱越冬虫口密度1月份显著高于2月份;花椰菜采后残株上的越冬虫口密度显著高于莲座期和花球形成期。在温室大棚中,休耕大棚中越冬虫口密度显著高于生产大棚。无论是蔬菜还是杂草,温室大棚中的越冬虫口密度显著高于露地。烟粉虱各虫态均可在各地温室大棚和漳州露地越冬,而在南平和三明等温度较低的地区以卵和伪蛹在露地越冬。在蔬菜上发现越冬烟粉虱有MEAM1隐种和MED隐种,温室大棚中两隐种数量分别为57只和111只,温室大棚可能有助于MED隐种定殖。室内耐寒性测定证实卵和高龄若虫比低龄若虫以及成虫更耐寒,烟粉虱在花椰菜、龙葵和辣子草上的世代存活率分别为83.7%、79.3%和81.6%,世代发育历期分别为18.9 d、16.7 d和18.8 d,龙葵和辣子草是烟粉虱适宜的越冬杂草寄主。综上,烟粉虱可在福建省露地越冬,温室大棚加重了烟粉虱的发生为害。