不同施肥量及种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响

为昆药集团新药研制提供优质的原药材,对采自西藏地区的拉萨大黄进行引种栽培,研究了不同施肥量及种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响。采用施肥量与种植密度的L9(34)正交试验设计,共有4个试验因素,分别为施氮量N、施磷量P、施钾量K和种植密度,每个因素均设3个不同的试验水平。运用直观及方差分析方法对不同处理的拉萨大黄鲜根产量进行分析。结果表明：对拉萨大黄产量的影响的主次因素为施氮量、施钾量、种植密度、施磷量,其中施氮量、施钾量、种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。在云南丽江地区种植拉萨大黄的氮、磷、钾适宜施用量分别为纯N 450 kg/hm2、P2O5 0 kg/hm2、K2O 450 kg/hm2,适宜种植密度为9万株/hm2。     

Root development of winter wheat in erosion‐affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape

Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g^?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.     

Timely supplemental irrigation changed nitrogen use of wheat by regulating root vertical distribution

Crop nitrogen (N) uptake depends on the root absorption area and the soil N availability which are closely related to the soil water status. With the increasing water shortages in the North China Plain, supplemental irrigation (SI) to winter wheat is a promising technique. To clarify the relationships between water and nitrogen use, four SI regimes in Tritcum aestivum L. cv. Jimai 22 were set up: no‐irrigation after emergence (T1), SI at jointing and anthesis (T2), SI at sowing, jointing and anthesis (T3), and SI at pre‐wintering, jointing and anthesis (T4). The results indicate that T2 had higher root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RAD) in the 0–20, 60–80, and 80–100 cm soil layers, as well as higher post‐anthesis N uptake from soil by 23–26% in 2012–2013 and 162–177% in 2013–2014, compared to T3 and T4. The grain yield under T2 was lower than T3 but was not significantly different from T4, whereas its water use efficiency (WUE) was higher relative to both T3 and T4. There were no significant differences among T2, T3, and T4 in N use efficiency (NUE). The N uptake after jointing and WUE were positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The NUE was positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 20–40 cm soil layer. These results indicate that timely SI at jointing and anthesis was dependent on a suitable water supply at sowing, which increased the soil water content in the upper soil layer after jointing and improved the absorption area of the roots in both the deep and surface soil layers; this further improved the post‐anthesis N uptake from the soil and the WUE. This approach can be a valuable way to maintain high grain yields and NUE in winter wheat while using less irrigation and achieving higher WUE in the North China Plain.     

基于音频技术的肉鸡采食量检测方法研究

【目的】通过研究肉鸡采食音频提出一种基于音频技术的肉鸡采食量检测方法,以摆脱目前我国肉鸡采食量数据主要是人工测量群体采食量的现状,为准确获取肉鸡采食量信息提供技术支持。【方法】录音笔采集到的采食音频经分帧加窗、端点检测等预处理后,将有效声音片段提取出来,依托不同声音的功率谱密度曲线差异,使用单分类支持向量机(OC-SVM)对提取出的有效声音片段进行分类识别。利用音频技术检测肉鸡进食时的啄食次数,分析确定啄食次数与采食量的关系,利用啄食次数与采食量的高相关性计算肉鸡采食量。【结果】利用音频技术检测的肉鸡啄食次数与采食量高度相关,决定系数(R~2)=0.982 5。啄食次数计算正确率为94.58%,采食量计算正确率为91.37%。【结论】该方法可用于肉鸡采食量测定。     

茶园绿盲蝽防治指标研究

为解决绿盲蝽严重为害春茶、防治指标空缺的问题,根据田间绿盲蝽若虫为害特征,对若虫的田间计数方法进行研究;利用田间试验,测算在不同绿盲蝽虫口密度下,茶鲜叶的经济损失率,并结合日照茶区绿盲蝽防治费用和茶鲜叶收益分析,确定日照茶区以虫口密度为测度的绿盲蝽防治指标。结果表明,绿盲蝽在茶丛的活动范围,受到鲜叶密度的影响。鲜叶密度大的茶园,一般在小范围内取食;鲜叶密度小的茶园,在略大的范围内取食。但是无论哪种茶园,其取食活动的茶丛横向范围都在一个不超过直径70cm的圆内。采摘单芽的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为0.99头/千梢;采摘一芽一叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.08头/千梢;采摘一芽一二叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.48头/千梢。以田间绿盲蝽虫口密度为测度的防治指标,具有很高的准确性,为防治费用和茶鲜叶收益与日照类似的茶园提供了科学依据,但由于绿盲蝽若虫田间一般呈聚集分布,且刚孵化若虫虫体较小,而且生活较隐蔽,不易被发现,应采取多次观察计数的方法,确定虫口密度。     

紫色土侵蚀区种植福建柏的技术措施研究

[目的]为了加快紫色土工程侵蚀区的植被恢复,针对紫色土工程侵蚀区种植福建柏进行防治侵蚀技术措施和初植密度试验研究。[方法]试验采用裂区试验设计。[结果]试验结果表明：采取鱼鳞坑整地或等高线反坡整地,筑建土石坝,使用土壤稳定剂和铺放秸秆能够提高福建柏造林成活率及其生长量,以铺放秸秆效果更好。不同初植密度对福建柏林分生长状况有影响,考虑到造林成本和调整林分结构,认为株行距1.8m×1.8m,初植密度3086株/hm2更为合理。[结论]该试验总结了一套紫色土工程侵蚀区栽植福建柏的技术措施,在生态层面和森林培育层面都具有重要的意义。     

不同栽培条件对国审稻盐两优2208产量及其产量性状的影响

为探索和挖掘国审稻‘盐两优2208’的栽培措施和高产潜力,本研究采用多因素随机区组试验设计,分析了不同播期、种植密度和施肥量对优质国审稻‘盐两优2208’产量及其产量性状的影响。结果表明：播期、种植密度和施肥量等因素对‘盐两优2208’的产量及其产量性状均有极显著影响;不同播期、种植密度和施肥量对产量及其相关性状的互作效应发现,产量分别在A2B2、A2C2和B2C2互作效应下达到最高,产量相关性状在互作效应影响下,在不同处理间的差异较为复杂,总体来看,千粒重、结实率和有效穗对产量潜力关联较大,在这几个相关性状值在互作效应中最高时,产量潜力往往也最高。在‘盐两优2208’高产栽培时,应适时播种,合理密植,注重灌浆期水肥管理,氮肥施用适当后移,为增加穗粒数并提高结实率,需在齐穗时增施粒肥,为实现高产奠定基础。     

基于模糊数学法的新建绿地土壤物理性能评价

城市绿地土壤的物理性能影响着城市生态系统的运行,为了研究城市绿地建设过程中不同层次土壤的物理性能,以西安植物园新区为典型案例,选取容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、自然含水量等六个指标,结合模糊数学法以及SPSS19.0与Excel软件对各层土壤的物理性能(Q)进行评价。结果显示,西安植物园新区表层土壤(0-25cm)、浅层土壤(25-50cm)、中层土壤(50-70 cm)、深层土壤(70-90cm)的Q值分别为21.69、61.24、71.19、66.89;分别处于极差水平、较差水平、良好水平、较差水平。平均Q值为55.25,处于较差水平。表层土壤与浅层土壤Q值过低的原因在于重型机械的重复碾压,碾压力对中层土的影响较小。随着土层深度的增加,深层土壤的Q值相对中层有所下降。各影响因子的权重比较显示,土壤容重是影响各层土壤物理性能优劣的重要因素,但随着土层的加深,土壤容重的权重逐渐降低。自然含水量的权重随着土层的加呈现逐步上升的趋势。     

高粱幼叶细胞悬浮系的建立

以高粱无菌苗幼叶为试验材料,对颗粒状胚性愈伤组织的获得、细胞悬浮系的建立及影响悬浮细胞生长的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：幼叶在MS（Murashige and Skoog）+2mg/L 2,4-D培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织,经2~3次继代筛选后获得了浅黄色、颗粒状胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织接种于液体培养基中,于25±1℃、黑暗条件下,经45~60d的悬浮震荡培养建立了高质量的细胞悬浮系,细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,细胞密度可达6.45×10 ⁵~5.08×10 ⁶个/mL以上,活细胞率可达72.76%,近圆细胞率可达87.50%;培养基的基本成分、激素种类和水平对悬浮细胞生长状态有很大的影响,相比1/2MS培养基,MS培养基为适宜的培养基,2,4-D对保持细胞系的稳定增殖至关重要,适宜的浓度为1mg/L;培养液中加入0.5mg/L KT或6-BA会造成悬浮液褐化,影响悬浮细胞的生长;最适宜的细胞悬浮培养基为L2培养基（MS+1mg/L 2,4-D,30g/L蔗糖,pH5.8）,震荡培养转速为110~120r/min,继代周期为7d,新旧培养基的接种比例为2∶1。     

高密度对甘肃黄灌区玉米品种农艺性状和产量的影响

选择4个玉米品种,设置3种密度,于2015-2016年在甘肃中部沿黄灌区种植试验得出：同一品种在不同密度下的农艺性状和产量存在差异。对宁玉524、辽单588、高玉818、先玉335的各农艺性状和产量构成因素在密度9.75万、11.25万、12.75万株/hm ²处理下两年测得的数据均值进行了分析比较,发现随着种植密度的增大,玉米的农艺性状和产量出现趋向性变化。表现为玉米的空秆率、倒伏率、株高、穗位高和产量随着密度的增加而增加;茎粗、穗粗、穗长、穗粒数和百粒重随密度增加有所减小。其中空秆率、茎粗、穗粗、穗长、穗粒数和产量差异显著,高种植密度对他们有显著的影响。