pH调控对瘤胃液接种稻秸厌氧消化中水解菌及产甲烷菌的影响

为了研究pH值调控对瘤胃液接种厌氧消化体系的影响,在半连续条件下考察了稻秆水解和产甲烷特性,并分别利用相对定量PCR(Q-PCR)和Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了微生物菌群的变化。结果表明:有机负荷为1.5、3.5 g·L-1·d-1和7 g·L-1·d-1时,调控体系中甲烷产率分别比对照提高了1.98、1.99倍和1.53倍;沼气中的甲烷含量明显提高(P0.05),在24%~32%之间变动。pH调控使乙酸和丙酸之间比例逐渐增大,体系中pH值维持在6.24~7.77之间,适宜稻秸产甲烷代谢;滤纸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活性呈增加趋势。厌氧消化后GH 5水解菌群结构变化明显,梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)占主导地位,瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)相对丰度提高了12.47倍;来源于瘤胃的纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)从体系中消逝。甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)相对丰度提高到3.73%,同时甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)相对丰度增加。研究表明,pH调控体系通过强化水解和产甲烷菌活性提高了稻秸厌氧消化的效率。     

柴油污染土壤改良对黑麦草生长适应性的影响

通过开展柴油单因素实验和锯末、硝酸铵、磷酸二氢钾3因素改良实验,对黑麦草幼苗生长指标及氮磷含量进行测定分析,以探讨黑麦草在柴油污染土壤中及土壤改良后生长情况的变化。结果表明,柴油质量分数为0.9%时,黑麦草幼苗株高、地上部和地下部生物量分别较对照显著下降了58.87%、98.07%、91.23%,叶片和根部全氮含量和氮/磷比也较对照显著降低。在质量分数为0.9%的柴油污染土壤中添加3种土壤改良剂后,10%体积分数的锯末可使黑麦草幼苗株高和地上部生物量分别显著增加27.48%和24.70%,同时10%体积分数的锯末具有显著增加叶片全氮含量和氮/磷比的作用。可见,在柴油浓度为0.9%的污染土壤中施加体积分数为10%的锯末可显著增强黑麦草幼苗的生长适应性。     

基于1H-NMR代谢组学研究夏秋茶对肉鸡脂肪和氨基酸代谢的影响

通过饲养试验,采用核磁共振（¹H-NMR）代谢组学技术研究夏秋绿茶对肉鸡脂肪和氨基酸代谢的影响。将240只试验肉鸡分为4组,分别饲喂添加0.00、2.50、5.00和10.00 g·kg^-1夏秋茶粉的玉米-豆粕型试验饲粮,采用核磁共振代谢组学技术评价其血清与氨基酸和脂肪代谢有关的代谢产物,同时测量了肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化指标。结果表明,在肉鸡饲料中添加一定浓度的绿茶粉具有明显的代谢终产物调节氨基酸和脂肪代谢的代谢效应,通过增强甘氨酸/丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢和丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,增强了肉鸡抗氧化能力。其血清核磁谱表明可将谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺和甘氨酸视为绿茶粉调节代谢的潜在生物标志物,同时饲粮中添加绿茶粉不影响肉鸡的肝肾功能,对肉鸡的生产性能又一定改善作用。     

碳氮比对生物絮凝反应器处理水质效果的影响

为探究不同C/N对以生物絮凝反应器为唯一水处理装置的循环水养殖系统的废水处理的影响,以鳗鱼循环水养殖废水为研究对象,分别设置不同DOC/DIN梯度(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC; Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN,C/N:0、5、10和15)进行相关研究。实验结果表明:C/N=0时(未添加碳源),反应器没有脱氮除磷的效果,NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)出现积累;随着C/N的升高,反应器脱氮除磷的效果也逐渐增加,C/N=15时去除效果显著高于其他处理组(P 0. 05),TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)的去除率(RR)分别为46. 60%、43. 49%和24. 40%;在整个实验过程中,反应器的SS、TAN和NO_2~--N在C/N=0和C/N=5的去除效果显著高于C/N=10和C/N=15的去除效果(P 0. 05),并且随着C/N的升高而降低;在C/N逐渐升高的条件下,反应器的稳定性逐渐变差,反应器最高可运行的C/N为15;在低C/N(C/N=0和5)情况下,反应器絮体体积指数(SVI-30)始终小于150 mg/L,未出现絮团膨胀,系统稳定性良好;当10≤C/N≤15时,反应器呈现出絮团微膨胀,反应器的稳定性变得较差,但对反应器脱氮除磷效果没有影响。在BFT(Biofloc Technology)反应器中,反应器的ORP值与反应器的C/N呈负相关关系,可作为BFT反应器反硝化特征和优化的参数。综上可知,BFT反应器在低C/N条件下对SS、TAN、NO_2~--N具有良好的水处理效果,在C/N≥10情况下对TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)具有良好的水处理效果,具有同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SND)和除磷的作用。研究结果可为其用作RAS核心水处理装置的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

Evaluation of growth,feed utilization efficiency and immune parameters in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) fed diets supplemented with or diet fermented with gut bacterium Bacillus sp. DDKRC1. isolated from gut of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of cellulolytic gut bacterium with plant protein‐based diet on growth, digestibility and digestive enzyme status of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Bacillus sp. DDKRC1. (JN641289), a potential cellulolytic bacterium, isolated from the gut of Asian seabass was used as feed supplement in this experiment. The shrimps of group I, II and III were fed with control diet (without bacterial supplement, D1), diet supplemented with live Bacillus sp. DDKRC1. at 2.94 × 10⁷ cfu per 100 g feed (D2) and diet fermented (48 hr) with same bacteria (D3) respectively. At the end of the 42 days experiment, shrimps of group II showed significantly better (p < .01) growth and protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower (p < .01) feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to group I and III. Dry matter, cellulose, hemicellulose and lipid digestibilities were significantly (p < .01) higher in group II than other two groups. Cellulase, amylase and protease activities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were significantly (p < .01) higher in group II as compared to other two groups. Total heterotrophic count, amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic bacterial counts in gut were significantly (p < .01) higher in group II as compared to other two groups. Haematological analysis indicated better (p < .05) immune response in groups II and III than control group. Diets D2 and D3 showed better effect on growth, digestibility, FCR, survival and immune response of P. monodon as compared to D1.     

Replacement of de‐oiled rice bran by soaked and fermented sweet potato leaf meal: Effect on growth performance,body composition and expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1 in Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the growth performance and expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1 gene (IGF‐I gene) in Labeo rohita fingerlings fed with either raw, soaked or fermented sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) by completely replacing de‐oiled rice bran (DORB), following a completely randomized design. Seven isonitrogenous (30%) and isocaloric (1.8 MJ/100 g) diets were prepared by replacing DORB with 50% and 100% raw, soaked and fermented sweet potato leaf meal, maintaining DORB‐containing diets as a control. Weight gain %, SGR (specific growth rate) and PER (protein efficiency ratio) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when 100% DORB was replaced by fermented SPLM in comparison to other treatment groups. The fermented and soaked SPLM‐fed groups had registered with lower FCR value. The expression of growth regulating gene IGF‐I mRNA and RNA/DNA ratio was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in soaked and fermented SPLM‐fed groups. In this study, the body protein and lipid composition did not vary significantly (p > 0.05). Hence, the study concludes that the fermented sweet potato leaf meal using Chaetomium globosum can replace 100% DORB in the diet of Labeo rohita without any detrimental effect on growth performance.     

河南黄背草群落碳、氮密度空间变化及其驱动因素分析

试验采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分别对豫北、豫西和豫南3个地区的黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度进行了测定,并与气候、地形、土壤等生态因子进行了关联性分析,旨在明确黄背草（Themeda japonica）群落碳、氮密度在河南省不同区域的差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,结果表明：黄背草群落地上碳、氮密度空间分布整体呈“西高南北低”的特点,豫西地上碳密度约为豫北、豫南地区的1.5倍,豫西地上氮密度约为豫北、豫南地区的2倍。群落根系碳、氮密度则呈现“南高西低”格局,豫南根系碳密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.9倍,豫南根系氮密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.7倍。RDA冗余分析（redundancy analysis,RDA）表明,影响河南黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度空间分布的因素依次是土壤砾石比、海拔、温度、降水和群落盖度。上述结果对于明确不同环境条件下黄背草群落的生态功能差异及其驱动因素具有指导意义。     

1H‐NMR metabolomic profiling of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus subjected to polyphenol‐enriched diets

¹H‐NMR analysis of the hepatopancreas, muscle and haemolymph of Astacus leptodactylus after feeding with polyphenol‐enriched diet is reported. ¹H‐NMR spectra of lipophilic extracts showed the presence of cholesterol, fatty acid residues, phospholipids and triglycerides. ¹H‐NMR spectra of aqueous extracts identified 35 metabolites in the hepatopancreas, 31 in the muscle and 22 in the haemolymph. A total of 20 metabolites (amino acids and their derivatives) were present in the hepatopancreas, the muscle and the haemolymph. A total of 10 metabolites were present in both the hepatopancreas and the muscle (five amino acids, 2‐hydroxybutyrate, choline, myo‐inositol, glycogen and uracil). 2‐Hydroxyisobutyrate and creatine were present in both the hepatopancreas and the haemolymph. Phosphorylethanolamine, phosphocholine and fumarate were present only in the hepatopancreas and isoleucine only in the muscle. Statistical analysis showed that the percentage of weight gain was statistically higher in polyphenol‐enriched diet groups compared to the control and that polyphenols had a stimulating effect on the general metabolism. No stress‐related metabolites were higher in crayfish fed with polyphenol‐enriched diet. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and DHA, linked to resistance to environmental stress and diseases, were higher compared to the control diet. This study indicates that ¹H‐NMR is a useful tool to study the metabolomics in relation to diet differences.     

The effect of C/N ratio on bacterial community and water quality in a mussel‐fish integrated system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of C/N ratio on water quality and bacterial community in an integrated system comprising one molluscan species (pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii) and two fish species (gibel carp Carassius gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at five C/N ratios (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14). The mussel and fishes were reared in the experimental tanks (400 L), but gibel carp received formulated feed. Water quality in the experimental tanks was analysed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30, and bacterial community in the water column and sediment was analysed on day 30. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon accumulated in the tanks over time. Ammonia and nitrite decreased with the increase in C/N ratio. Bacterial community in the water column and sediment changed at the phylum and genus levels with the increase in C/N ratio, and the critical C/N ratio causing a functional shift of bacterial community occurred at 10 in water column and 12 in sediment. The increase in C/N ratio benefited the growth of both potential probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. The high C/N ratio enhanced the bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and hydrocarbon degradation, but depressed the functions of nitrification and denitrification in the water column and sediment respectively. This study reveals that the C/N ratio can be used as a tool to manipulate the bacterial community and water quality in the mussel‐fish integrated system.