Effects of cortisol and triiodo-L-thyronine on the steroidogenic capacity of rainbow trout ovarian follicles at two stages of oocyte maturation

The in vitro basal and salmon gonadotropin (sGTH)-stimulated steroidogenic capacity of rainbow trout follicles was examined at four stages [early (EV)-, mid (MV)- and peak-vitellogenic (PV), and pre-ovulatory, post-vitellogenic (PO)] of gonadal recrudescence using radioimmunoassays (RIAs) to measure 17-estradiol (E₂) and testosterone (T) production. In addition, follicles were incubated in the presence of [³H]pregnenolone ([³H]P⁵) and the radiolabelled steroid metabolites produced were separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peak basal and sGTH-stimulated E₂ and T production was found in PV stage follicles and lowest in PO stage follicles, and there were marked differences in the HPLC profiles of steroid metabolites. For EV stage follicles the major metabolite eluted as a peak that co-eluted with the androstenedione (A₄) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) standards. A smaller peak that co-eluted with 11-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA₄) and very small peaks co-eluting with 20-dihydroprogesterone (20-DHP) and E₂ were also seen. MV and PV stage follicles produced predominantly E₂, together with a small combined A₄ + 17-DHP peak, traces of 11-OHA₄ and two peaks that did not co-elute with any of the reference standards. The PO stage follicles produced only 17, 20-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (17,20-P).In addition, the effects of cortisol and triiodothyronine (T₃) on steroidogeneis were investigated in PV and PO stage ovarian follicles. For PV stage follicles, cortisol at 100 ng ml^–1 in the incubation medium significantly suppressed both basal and sGtH- stimulated T and E₂ production relative to control treatments. T₃ at 10 ng ml^–1 in the medium had no significant effect on either basal or sGtH-stimulated T or E₂ production compared to the controls, nor did it have any beneficial effect over the suppressive effect of cortisol. PO phase follicles taken 1 to 2 weeks prior to anticipated spawning had very low E₂ and T production, and there was no effect of cortisol or T₃, alone or in combination, on E₂ or T production. For PV stage follicles incubated in the presence of [³H]P⁵, cortisol suppressed T and E₂ production, but did not block the steroid pathway at any specific level; T₃ had no apparent affect on the metabolism of [³H]P⁵. The PO stage follicles produced little or no E₂; the major metabolite was 17,20-P. Cortisol and T₃ had no apparent effect on either basal or sGtH-stimulated 17,20-P production by the follicles at this stage of maturation.     

Differentiation and development of Leydig cells,and changes of testosterone levels during testicular differentiation in tilapiaOreochromis niloticus

Initial appearance and development of Leydig cells (LCs) during testicular differentiation in tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus, were investigated histologically. In addition, changes of testosterone levels in gonadal tissue and serum were examined by radioimmunoassay. In the gonads of fry at 23–26 days after hatching, initial testicular differentiation was confirmed by the observation of the differentiation of connective tissues into tissues which are characteristic of the adult testis. LCs, which were identified by the ultrastructural features (a moderate number of mitochondria with tubular cristae, well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and many free ribosomes) appeared initially at the time of testicular differentiation. LCs increased in number rapidly in the testes of fish at 70 days after hatching. Concomitant with this increase, spermatogonia increased in number. Testosterone was detectable in the fish at 40–50 days after hatching, but levels in tissue and serum were low. Testosterone levels increased gradually in the fish beginning at 70 days after hatching and increased still more at 100–150 days accompanying active spermatogenesis.     

西伯利亚鲟不同性别与卵巢发育时期血液性类固醇激素的差异与判别分析

利用电化学发光免疫分析法(ECLIA)测定了人工养殖西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii baerii)不同性别和卵巢发育时期血浆中睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)的含量。利用活组织取样的方法,根据性别和卵子颜色及大小将实验鱼分为成熟雄鱼(M)、雌鱼Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期共4个组。研究结果表明,西伯利亚鲟血浆T含量雄鱼高于雌鱼(P<0.01),且雄鱼与雌鱼Ⅲ期和Ⅴ期组有极显著性差异(P<0.01),而E2含量除与雌鱼Ⅳ期有极显著性差异外(P<0.01),与雌鱼Ⅲ期和Ⅴ期组无显著性差异(P>0.05),雄鱼表现为T含量和T/E2比值高,而E2含量低。雌鱼随卵巢的发育T和E2含量均表现为"先上升,后下降"的趋势,即Ⅳ期组性类固醇激素的含量明显高于Ⅲ期和Ⅴ期,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。根据血浆中T和E2的含量建立了西伯利亚鲟性别和性腺发育时期的4个判别函数:YM=-11.322+0.043T+0.153E2,YⅢ=-1.390+0.000T+0.061E2,YⅣ=-18.074+0.032T+3.305E2,YⅤ=-2.316+0.785T+0.008E2,经检验总体判别准确率为95%,其中对性别的判别准确率为100%,对雌鱼卵巢发育时期的判别准确率为93%。     

应用甲基睾丸酮诱导马拉瓜丽体鱼雄性化的研究

研究了口服甲基睾丸酮(MT)诱导马拉瓜丽体鱼(Cichlasoma managuense)雄性化效应与鱼苗规格、剂量和处理时间的关系,并讨论了MT对马拉瓜丽体鱼的生长率和成活率的影响。结果表明,MT诱导1.2 cm以下鱼苗可获得较高的雄性率;鱼苗的雄性率随着MT含量增加和处理时间延长而提高,投喂剂量为40 mg/kg的饲料30d、50 mg/kg的饲料20 d以上,或者60 mg/kg的饲料10 d以上,鱼苗的雄性率均可达到90%以上;MT能提高马拉瓜丽体鱼的生长率,而与成活率没有直接依赖关系。     

Green and Blue Monochromatic Lights Promote Growth and Development of Broilers Via Stimulating Testosterone Secretion and Myofiber Growth

Methods of light treatment such as light schedule, intensity or illuminance, and color are important factors that influence avian productivity. Therefore, artificial illumination has been widely used in modern poultry husbandry. Although progress had been made in understanding of the effects of light schedule and intensity on avian growth, effects of light color on avian growth are not clear. In this study, 276 male Arbor Acres broilers were reared under white, red, green, and blue lights from light-emitting diode lamps as light sources. Broilers’ growth and productive performance were increased under green light during the early period (0 to 26 d of age) or blue light during the later period (27 to 49 d of age). Furthermore, both blue and green lights were more effective to stimulate testosterone secretion and myofiber growth that led to increased body growth. These results indicate that light-emitting diode lamps have value in the modern broiler husbandry.     

HCG通过StAR蛋白快速调节睾酮的合成

以2~3周龄长白仔猪睾丸间质细胞为材料研究HCG对睾酮合成的快速调节作用。结果表明:(1)在2h内,对照组间质细胞分泌睾酮的量为(3.25±0.28)ng/mL,而HCG(浓度为50IU/mL)处理组睾酮的浓度为(8.79±0.54)ng/mL,增幅为4.54ng/mL,二者差异极显著(P<0.01);(2)在2h内,对照组细胞内cAMP的浓度为(13.13±1.12)pmol/mL,而处理组cAMP的浓度为(39.22±2.38)pmol/mL,二者之间差异极显著(P<0.01);(3)加入前体物后,胆固醇对照组睾酮浓度为(3.81±0.45)ng/mL,处理组睾酮浓度为(27.13±1.27)ng/mL,处理组睾酮的浓度明显高于对照(P<0.05),其它几种前体对照组与处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。(4)在2h内,HCG增加了StAR蛋白和mRNA的表达。这表明在快速反应期,HCG通过促进StAR蛋白的表达,增强睾酮的生物合成。     

睾丸间质细胞线粒体调控睾酮合成的研究进展

睾丸间质细胞（Leydig cells,LCs）的主要功能是合成和分泌睾酮。在睾丸间质细胞内,以胆固醇为原料,位于线粒体外膜上的类固醇合成急性调节蛋白（steroidogenic acute regulatory protein,StAR）促进胆固醇向线粒体内膜转运,在线粒体内膜胆固醇侧链裂解酶（cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome,P450scc）的催化下生成孕烯醇酮,而后通过光面内质网的羟基类固醇脱氢酶（3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD）和转运蛋白（translocator protein,TSPO）的共同作用合成睾酮。因此,睾丸间质细胞合成和分泌睾酮与线粒体密切相关,线粒体结构和功能的完整性直接影响睾酮的生物合成,而位于线粒体上的StAR和P450scc是睾酮合成的关键调控因子。睾酮能够促进雄性生殖器官发育成熟并维持其功能,对促进蛋白质合成（如肌肉、骨骼及生殖器官的蛋白质合成）具有重要意义。近年来,通过维持线粒体结构完整性和改善线粒体氧化损伤、线粒体生物发生等功能进而促进睾酮的合成已成为睾酮合成机制的研究热点,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。作者介绍了睾丸间质细胞内睾酮合成的分子机制及影响睾酮合成的重要因子,综述了睾丸间质细胞线粒体结构、线粒体氧化损伤、线粒体调控的细胞凋亡和线粒体的生物发生等对睾酮合成的影响,阐述了线粒体与睾酮合成之间的关系,为改善睾丸间质细胞线粒体结构和功能从而促进睾酮合成提供依据,对于深入了解雄性动物的睾酮合成调节和提高雄性动物的繁殖性能具有重要的意义。     

猪睾丸中脂联素受体与LHR、CYP11A1、StAR基因表达的发育变化及其相关性研究

旨在了解皖南花猪睾丸组织脂联素受体mRNA与睾酮合成相关因子mRNA表达的发育性变化及其相关性,探讨脂联素与睾酮生成的关系.本研究用荧光实时定量PCR法检测0、30、45、90和180 d等不同日龄(各日龄样本数5头)皖南花猪睾丸组织脂联素受体(AdpR1、AdpR2)和LHR、CYP11A1、StAR mRNA的表达水平.结果,AdpR1、CYP11 A1和StAR mRNA的表达有极显著的发育性变化(P＜0.01),AdpR1 mRNA的表达先增加后降低,45 d达到最大值;CYP11A1和StAR mRNA的表达先升高后降低再升高,45 d达到最大表达量.LHR mRNA的表达也有显著的发育性变化(P＜0.05),整体表现为先升高后降低.AdpR1与CYP11A1 mRNA的表达量显著相关(r=0.587,P＜0.05);LHR与CYP11A1、StAR mRNA的表达量分别显著相关(r=0.528,P＜0.05;r=0.552,P＜0.05);CYP11 A1与StAR mRNA表达量极显著相关(r=0.709,P＜0.01).AdpR1mRNA在睾丸组织的高表达提示脂联素可能通过AdpR1介导对睾丸的调节作用,其发育性变化和CYP11A1 mRNA呈正相关,提示脂联素对睾酮的生成有一定的促进作用.     

Therapeutic effects of vitamin E supplementation in 4 dogs with poor semen quality and low superoxide dismutase activity in seminal plasma

Four dogs with poor semen quality, low seminal plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and low blood plasma testosterone (T) levels were orally administered one vitamin E tablet containing 50 mg α-tocopheryl acetate per dog daily for 4 weeks. The mean values of semen quality were temporarily improved after the start of vitamin E treatment and the values of 4, and 5 weeks after that were significantly different from those before the treatment (P<0.05–0.001). The mean blood plasma T and seminal plasma SOD activity values slightly increased in the 4 dogs after the treatment. The results of the present study indicate that poor semen quality in dogs with low seminal plasma SOD can be improved by vitamin E treatment.     

单色光对肉鸡肌肉生长、肌纤维发育及血清睾酮水平的影响

为探索单色光影响肉鸡肌肉生长发育的机理,研究单色光对肉鸡肌肉生长、肌纤维发育和血清睾酮水平的影响。将260只0日龄AA肉鸡随机分为4组,分别在白（400-760nm）、红（660nm）、绿（560nm）、蓝光（480nm）下饲养49d,采用组织学技术和放射免疫法,检测肌纤维面积、密度和血清睾酮水平。结果如下：①质量：21日龄,绿光组胸肌、腿肌比其它组高6．46％～13．57％和6．37％～16．34％（P〈0．05）;49日龄,蓝光组胸肌和蓝、绿光组腿肌比其它组高21．42％和16．67％～25．44％（P〈0．05）。②肌纤维面积：21日龄,绿光组胸肌和绿、红光组腿肌比其他组高23．19％～54．01％和33．46％～56．67％（P〈0．05）;49日龄,蓝光组胸肌、腿肌比其他组高9．92％～21．69％和21．11％～57．44％（P〈0．05）。③肌纤维密度：21日龄,红光组胸肌和蓝光组腿肌比其他组高19．17％～42．94％和10．13％～49．33％（P〈0．05）;49日龄,红、白光组胸肌和红光组腿肌比其他组高27．36％（P〈0．05）和57．02％～112．03％（P〈0．05）。④21日龄,蓝、绿光组的睾酮水平比红、白光组高35．37％～37．13％（P〈0．05）;49日龄,蓝光组的睾酮水平比其他光组高14．36％～28．77％（P〈0．05）。研究表明单色光影响肉鸡生长,绿光和蓝光比红光和白光更能有效地促进肉鸡肌肉的生长、肌纤维的发育以及血清睾酮的分泌。