石灰组配土壤改良剂抑制污染农田水稻镉吸收

为达有效地调控污染稻田水稻糙米对Cd吸收,该研究选取湖南省长株潭地区的湘潭、醴陵和株洲3处不同Cd污染程度田块,研究石灰配施海泡石、钙镁磷肥、有机肥对水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰及其组配改良剂均可明显提高土壤pH值,有效降低土壤中酸提取态Cd含量和水稻中Cd含量。与不施用改良剂相比,石灰配施海泡石或有机肥、配施海泡石和有机肥,Cd污染稻田土壤pH值平均升高1.08,0.96和0.93个单位,酸提取态Cd质量分数分别平均降低20.6%,15.6%和21.2%。石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥处理下在轻度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了48.3%,46.7%和34.2%,石灰配施有机肥、钙镁磷肥或钙镁磷肥和有机肥处理下在中度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了52.8%,47.8%和37.5%,石灰配施钙镁磷肥和有机肥、有机肥或海泡石处理下在重度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了51.2%,44.6%和42.5%,均低于食品安全国家标准中糙米限量值0.2 mg/kg(GB2762-2017)。相关分析表明,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量与水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),说明土壤酸提取态Cd含量是影响糙米对Cd吸收的关键因素之一。上述结果说明,石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥+有机肥可有效调控污染稻田土壤中Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产。     

石灰岩地区侧柏容器育苗造林技术

对侧柏容器育苗技术进行实地试验研究表明,不同材料、不同规格的容器对苗木的生长有一定影响,而以直径3cm、高10cm的塑料薄膜无底筒状容器为好,成本低、重量轻,可满足苗木正常生长发育的需要.大面积造林试验表明,侧柏容器苗比裸根苗造林成活率显著提高.在石灰岩地区的干旱阳坡应大力推广侧柏容器育苗造林技术.     

Immobilization of heavy metals in soils using inorganic amendments in a greenhouse study

The effect of red mud (10 g kg^–1), a by‐product of the alumina industry, zeolite (20 g kg^–1), a naturally‐occurring hydrous aluminosilicate, and lime (3 g kg^–1) on metal lability in soil and uptake by fescue (Festuca rubra L.) (FEST) and amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus L.) (AMA) was investigated in four different soils from Austria. The soil collection locations were Untertiefenbach (UNT), Weyersdorf (WEY), Reisenberg (REI), and Arnoldstein (ARN). The latter was collected in the vicinity of a former Pb‐Zn smelter and was highly polluted with Pb (12300 mg kg^–1), Zn (2713 mg kg^–1), and Cd (19.7 mg kg^–1) by long‐term deposition. The other soils were spiked with Zn (700 mg kg^–1), Cu (250 mg kg^–1), Ni (100 mg kg^–1), V (100 mg kg^–1), and Cd (7 mg kg^–1) salts in 1987. The two plant species were cultivated for 15 months. Ammonium nitrate (1 M) extraction was used in a soil : solution ratio of 1:2.5 to assess the influence of the amendments on the labile metal pools. The reduction of metal extractability due to red mud was 70 % (Cd), 89 % (Zn), and 74 % (Ni) in the sandy soil (WEY). Plant uptake in this treatment was reduced by 38 to 87 % (Cd), 50 to 81 % (Zn), and 66 to 87 % (Ni) when compared to the control. Sequential extraction revealed relative enrichments of Fe‐oxide‐associated metal fractions at the expense of exchangeable metal fractions. Red mud was the only amendment that decreased lability in soil and plant uptake of Zn, Cd, and Ni consistently. Possible drawbacks of red mud application (e.g., As and Cr concentration) remain to be evaluated.     

苹果红蜘蛛药效试验研究

为了使果树正常生长发育,获得高产优质的果品,1986～1988年,我们在景泰条山农场设点,对苹果红蜘蛛的防治进行了大量的调查研究。根据苹果红蜘蛛的越冬螨口密度、该场用药历史,选用粘土柴油乳剂、石硫合剂、柴油乳剂等多种药物喷杀越冬卵,以常规防治为对照,筛选出具有杀虫效果好,不产生抗药性,对人畜安全,又不污染环境,成本低等优点的粘土柴油乳剂和石硫合剂为较理想的药物。两年来,该场800余亩果树,均用粘土柴油乳剂喷布,枝干上每平方厘米卵的粒数由原来的303.8粒下降到1.7～21.8粒,基本控制了该虫的发生发展和为害。     

施用石灰降低污染稻田上双季稻镉积累的效果

【目的】研究在不同镉（Cd）污染程度稻田上施用石灰（CaO）的效果以及双季稻稻米Cd积累的差异,为早、晚稻季下不同污染程度稻田上的稻米安全生产提供参考。【方法】在湖南省选取43个县（区）的典型Cd污染稻田作为试验点,以常规栽培作为对照,研究施用石灰（1 200 kg·hm^-2）后,轻度污染（土壤有效镉≤0.2 mg·kg^-1）、中度污染（0.2 mg·kg^-1土壤有效镉≤0.4 mg·kg^-1）、重度污染（0.4 mg·kg^-1土壤有效镉≤0.6 mg·kg^-1）和严重污染（土壤有效镉>0.6 mg·kg^-1）稻田土壤pH、土壤有效镉含量、稻米Cd含量以及稻米富集系数的变化。【结果】（1）从Cd污染稻田整体的角度分析,相比常规栽培,施用石灰能够极显著降低早、晚稻米Cd含量均值,降幅分别为31.0%和28.6%。（2）从不同稻季下不同污染程度稻田的角度分析,相比常规栽培,施用石灰能够降低早稻季中度、重度和严重污染稻田的稻米Cd含量均值,降幅分别为37.0%、38.7%（P＜0.05）和22.6%;施用石灰能够降低晚稻季轻度、中度、重度和严重污染稻田的稻米Cd含量均值,降幅分别为2.0%、31.3%（P＜0.05）、31.8%和22.9%。不同污染程度稻田施用石灰后能够提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效镉含量,使稻米Cd富集系数明显下降,实现对稻米Cd含量的调控。【结论】施用石灰能够有效调控早稻季的轻度、中度、重度以及晚稻季的轻度Cd污染稻田的稻米Cd含量均值,降至限量标准（0.2 mg·kg^-1）以下。因此,以石灰施用为基础,结合其他降Cd措施,实施“分稻季分污染程度”和“晚稻优先于早稻”的治理思路,能提高大田生产上稻米Cd含量调控的稳定性并降低治理成本。     

紫泥田水稻土细菌群落对不同农艺调控措施的响应

为研究土壤细菌群落对不同农艺措施的响应,揭示土壤细菌群落结构与土壤环境因子的相互关系,以紫泥田水稻土为研究对象,设置石灰、商品有机肥、土壤调理剂3个处理,对土壤细菌16S rRNA基因测序,分析不同处理对细菌群落组成和多样性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,有机肥和调理剂处理提高了土壤细菌α多样性指数,而石灰处理降低了土壤细菌α多样性指数;石灰和有机肥处理的细菌α多样性显著高于调理剂处理。与对照相比,石灰、有机肥和调理剂处理酸杆菌门的相对丰度分别提高了64.77%、95.69%和67.52%,石灰处理变形菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度分别提高了10.40%和11.99%,而有机肥处理降低了9.17%和43.06%,调理剂处理降低了10.67%和31.07%。主成分分析结果表明,与对照相比,石灰和有机肥处理土壤细菌群落结构较为相似,但调理剂处理改变了土壤细菌群落结构。冗余分析结果表明,土壤pH和全钾是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要因子,阳离子交换量、全磷、有效态镉、全氮、微生物量碳和土壤有机碳影响较小。研究表明,不同农艺调控措施改变了紫泥田水稻土细菌的群落结构组成和多样性。     

增施生石灰对红花大金元生长及土传病害防控的影响

以烤烟红花大金元为材料,采用小区试验研究了不同生石灰用量对烟株生长、抗病性及经济性状的影响。结果表明,生石灰用量以80~120 kg/667m2最为适宜,可有效促进烟株生长,增强植株对黑胫病、青枯病等根茎性病害的抗性,并显著提升种烟经济效益,折合产量达1 137.6~1 158.5 kg/667m2,产值达33 839.8~34 389.6元/667m2。     

川西3种茶园土壤的酸度和酸碱缓冲能力 及石灰需要量比较

以川西名山县处于同一地形序列上的漂洗水稻土、黄壤和酸性紫色土3种主要茶园土壤0~20 cm土层为研究对象,于春、夏、秋3个季节采样,对土壤pH、交换性酸含量、水解性酸含量、酸碱缓冲能力及石灰需要量等进行分析。结果表明:1 3种茶园土壤pH均低于4.5,不适于无公害茶叶生产。交换性酸均以交换性铝为主,交换性铝含量和交换性酸含量均以漂洗水稻土的最低。水解性总酸度表现为酸性紫色土显著高于漂洗水稻土,酸性紫色土和漂洗水稻土的水解性总酸度与黄壤的差异均无统计学意义。漂洗水稻土以非交换性酸为主,黄壤和酸性紫色土以交换性酸为主。2 3种茶园土壤交换性氢含量、交换性铝含量、交换性酸含量和水解性总酸度等指标由于地形条件、气候特征、茶树生物学特性和人类活动等影响而总体上呈夏季低于春(秋)季的趋势变化。3 3种茶园土壤的酸碱缓冲曲线均呈"S"型,但土壤缓冲容量有差异,表现为酸性紫色土、黄壤、漂洗水稻土的缓冲能力依次减小。4 3种茶园土壤必须进行改良,但用不同方法计算出的石灰需要量有较大差异,建议将氯化钙交换–氢氧化钙滴定法得出的石灰需要量结合田间试验进行校正;若调节至同一pH,漂洗水稻土的石灰需要量相对较少。     

Effectiveness of different soil amendments to reduce the Pb and Zn extractability and plant uptake in soils contaminated by anticorrosion paints beneath pylons

Red lead (Pb₃O₄)‐ and ZnO‐containing anticorrosion paints in the past have been extensively applied to high‐voltage steel pylons which has led to heavy metal (HM) soil contaminations in their vicinity. Since pylons are commonly found on agricultural land, there is a potential risk of HM plant uptake. This is promoted by the fact that in contrast to the moderate total Pb contents (several 100 mg kg^–1) in three nutrient‐poor and acidic pylon soils the Pb amounts extractable with NH₄NO₃ were extremely high, reaching almost 20% of total Pb. A 18‐week field pot trial (three harvests in a six‐week interval) using Lolium multiflorum was conducted to study the HM plant uptake and the efficiency of the four soil additives, lime (LI), Novaphos (NP), water‐treatment sludge (WS), and ilmenite residue (IR) in reducing the plant uptake and NH₄NO₃‐extractability of Pb and Zn in the soils. Lead concentrations in L. multiflorum shoots grown in the untreated soils reached maximum values of 128 mg (kg dry weight)^–1. Novaphos was most efficient in decreasing shoot Pb (–90%) followed by LI (–78%) and WS (–73%). For Zn, too, LI (–82%), NP, and WS (both –66%) substantially reduced plant uptake. Ilmenite residue was generally only poorly efficient. The dry‐matter yield in the NP, LI, and WS treatments was significantly increased. While the relationship between Pb‐NH₄NO₃ and Pb‐plant was high when considering the three harvests separately (R > 0.93) a poor relationship (R = 0.63) exists over all harvests together. This was attributed to different transpiration rates affecting the HM flux into the plants, since the temperature regime changed greatly during the cultivation period. For Zn, no such close relationship between the NH₄NO₃‐extractable soil fraction and shoot Zn was found, most likely due to antagonistic effects from Mg which greatly varied in the three soils.     

磷灰石和石灰联合巨菌草对重金属污染土壤的改良修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同剂量磷灰石（0.6%和1.2%）和石灰（0.2%和0.4%）对Cu/Cd污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,石灰和磷灰石处理均显著提高了土壤溶液和土壤pH,且均表现为0.4%石灰>0.2%石灰>1.2%磷灰石>0.6%磷灰石>对照;同时,土壤溶液和土壤有效态Cu/Cd含量随着磷灰石和石灰的添加而显著降低,且降幅均表现为随材料剂量增加而增加。石灰和磷灰石的添加显著增加了巨菌草的生物量,降低了巨菌草对重金属的吸收,其中0.4%石灰处理巨菌草生物量最高,地上和根生物量分别为：61.45 g和10.31 g。与石灰相比,磷灰石在维持较低活性Cu/Cd的能力方面具有更好的稳定性,但是高剂量的石灰更能有效地通过巨菌草转移土壤中的重金属。