Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom

Soil acidification is caused by a number of factors including acidic precipitation and the deposition from the atmosphere of acidifying gases or particles, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia and nitric acid. The most important causes of soil acidification on agricultural land, however, are the application of ammonium‐based fertilizers and urea, elemental S fertilizer and the growth of legumes. Acidification causes the loss of base cations, an increase in aluminium saturation and a decline in crop yields; severe acidification can cause nonreversible clay mineral dissolution and a reduction in cation exchange capacity, accompanied by structural deterioration. Soil acidity is ameliorated by applying lime or other acid‐neutralizing materials. ‘Liming’ also reduces N₂O emissions, but this is more than offset by CO₂ emissions from the lime as it neutralizes acidity. Because crop plants vary in their tolerance to acidity and plant nutrients have different optimal pH ranges, target soil pH values in the UK are set at 6.5 (5.8 in peaty soils) for cropped land and 6.0 (5.3 in peaty soils) for grassland. Agricultural lime products can be sold as ‘EC Fertiliser Liming Materials’ but, although vital for soil quality and agricultural production, liming tends to be strongly influenced by the economics of farming. Consequently, much less lime is being applied in the UK than required, and many arable and grassland soils are below optimum pH.     

改良剂对复合污染土壤重金属形态的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究粉煤灰、石灰和改性污泥3种改良剂对铜矿区污染土壤重金属的钝化效果和作用机理。结果表明,3种改良剂均可有效地钝化土壤中的Cu,使土壤重金属的TCLP浸出质量分数降至国际标准以下,其作用效果依次为石灰粉煤灰改性污泥。两种碱性物质显著提高土壤p H,通过吸附和共沉淀作用将交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cu转化为铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态。改性污泥通过络合和配位作用提高土壤Cu有机结合态和残渣态的比例。     

秸秆+石灰氮+X-20菌肥+高温闷棚处理对根结线虫种群数量变化的影响

通过对黄瓜根结线虫病发生严重的日光温室土壤采取秸秆+石灰氮+X-20菌肥+高温闷棚单项或多项技术进行处理,明确不同处理对土壤中根结线虫数量变化的动态影响和防控效果。结果表明,秸秆+石灰氮+X-20菌肥+高温闷棚综合处理土壤,能有效降低土壤中2龄幼虫的种群数量,具有明显的防控作用和显著的增产效果,如处理210d后,比处理前2龄幼虫数量减少比率仍可达到63.1%,比对照减少比率达到83.3%;防治效果达61.5%;生物产量比对照增加98.1%。     

石灰施用对酸性土壤矿物结合有机碳形成的影响

为了解石灰施用对酸性土壤矿物结合有机碳的影响并促进酸性土壤的碳固定,本研究整合已发表的相关研究并在室内设置培养试验探究石灰添加调控酸性红壤矿物结合有机碳形成的可能机制。结果表明：大部分已发表的研究发现石灰添加可以显著促进酸性土壤中矿物结合有机碳的形成。室内控制试验发现石灰添加显著促进了秸秆分解转化为微生物生物量碳,这很可能是石灰促进矿物结合碳形成的主要机制之一。室内控制试验还发现石灰添加增加了钙键结合碳的含量,但是降低了铁铝结合碳的含量。综上可知,石灰添加有利于作物秸秆在酸性土壤中被微生物分解转化为矿物结合有机碳,但可能会导致不同化学键结合碳的相对含量发生变化。     

OBSERVATIONS OF A VISITOR ON TIMBER DRYING IN SOUTH AFRICA

The final results are presented of a comprehensive N, P,K and dolomitic lime factorial experiment with Eucalyptus grandis planted on a fully cultivated Mispah soil series. On this marginal site, fertilising had a marked effect on the growth of E. grandis as measured at clearfelling at eight years and three months. The response to single fertiliser elements was greatest for potassium, followed by phosphorus and nitrogen, dolomitic lime having a depressive effect. The best N:P elemental fertiliser ratio was 3:1, while that for P:K was 1:3. Overall, an elemental N:P:K mixture of 3:1:3 was superior, increasing growth with rate of application. Fertilising with 100 g LAN (26% N), 100 g single superphosphate (8,3% P) and 50 g potassium chloride (50% K) increased yields at clearfelling from 56,7 t/ha for no fertiliser to 85.0 t/ha, an improvement of 49,8%. This fertiliser application is recommended for planting E. grandis on shallow soils derived from Ecca shale. Fertiliser treatments also affected form factor significantly, ranging from 0,370 to 0,411 and resulting in volume differences of 11.1% for trees with the same D.B.H. and height. Not only was the response to fertilising highly profitable in itself, but it also rendered the establishment of E. grandis to be viable on an otherwise uneconomically suitable site.     

磷灰石和石灰联合巨菌草对重金属污染土壤的改良修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同剂量磷灰石（0.6%和1.2%）和石灰（0.2%和0.4%）对Cu/Cd污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,石灰和磷灰石处理均显著提高了土壤溶液和土壤pH,且均表现为0.4%石灰>0.2%石灰>1.2%磷灰石>0.6%磷灰石>对照;同时,土壤溶液和土壤有效态Cu/Cd含量随着磷灰石和石灰的添加而显著降低,且降幅均表现为随材料剂量增加而增加。石灰和磷灰石的添加显著增加了巨菌草的生物量,降低了巨菌草对重金属的吸收,其中0.4%石灰处理巨菌草生物量最高,地上和根生物量分别为：61.45 g和10.31 g。与石灰相比,磷灰石在维持较低活性Cu/Cd的能力方面具有更好的稳定性,但是高剂量的石灰更能有效地通过巨菌草转移土壤中的重金属。     

Short‐Term Effect of Lime,Phosphorus, and Iron Amendments on Water‐Extractable Lead and Arsenic in Orchard Soils

Abstract

Lead arsenate was extensively used to control insects in apple and plum orchards in the 1900s. Continuous use of lead arsenate resulted in elevated soil levels of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). There are concerns that As and Pb will become solubilized upon a change in land use. In situ chemical stabilization practices, such as the use of phosphate‐phosphorus (P), have been investigated as a possible method for reducing the solubility, mobility, and potential toxicity of Pb and As in these soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of calcium carbonate (lime), P, and iron (Fe) amendments in reducing the solubility of As and Pb in lead‐arsenate‐treated soils over time. Under controlled conditions, two orchard soils, Thurmont loam (Hapludults) and Burch loam (Haploxerolls), were amended with reagent‐grade calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃], and potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and incubated for 16 weeks at 26°C. The experimental results suggested that the inorganic P increased competitive sorption between H₂PO₄ ^? and dihydrogen arsenate (H₂AsO₄ ^?), resulting in greater desorption of As in both Thurmont and Burch soils. Therefore, addition of lime, potassium phosphate, and Fe to lead‐arsenate‐contaminated soils could increase the risk of loss of soluble As and Pb from surface soil and potentially increase these metal species in runoff and movement to groundwater.     

Reactive aluminum in the vermont soil test

Abstract

Determination of Reactive Al by extracting a soil sample with pH 4.8 NH₄ OAc (1.25 N acetate) characterizes for northern acid soils the quantity of soil acidity that must be neutralized to meet lime need and also lower the P adsorbing capacity. Extracted Al is used in conjunction with pH in 10 mM CaCl₂ to calculate the lime requirement directly. First, the amount of P fertilizer needed is approximated, based on the P intensity (Available P) determined in the same NH₄ OAc extract. Then the recommended amount is increased by a P‐fixation factor obtained from the Reactive Al measured, and decreased by a Reserve P factor derived from fluoride extractable P.

Unlike a buffer lime requirement method, which predicts lime needed to reach a target pH, the Reactive Al test estimates the quantity of acidity that must be neutralized to prevent fixation of P fertilizer by soil Al and to release P from Al‐bound sources. Attaining a particular target pH is not the primary goal. The Reserve P test measures the amount of unavailable Al phosphates that becomes partially available when lime needs are met.     

Effects of HC1 acid and lime amendments on soil ph and extractable Ca and Mg in a sandy soil

Abstract

High vater table sandy soils present special problems when establishing soil pH variables under field conditions. In order to examine the response of a coarse‐textured soil to lime and HC1 acid treatments, data are reported for soil pH and extractable Ca and Mg for a field experiment where Mn treatments on soybeans was the primary objective. Three treatments included HC1 acid, control, and lime. Acid (742 liters/ha 3N HC1) was added only at the beginning of the experiment but dolomitic lime treatments were added each year (2240, 2740, and 2900 kg/ha). The lime and acid were applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of 10 to 13 cm. Soil samples were taken every 2 to 3 months at 3 depths (0 to 15, 15 to 30, and 30 to 45 cm) and analyzed for pH and extractable Ca and Mg. Acid treatment decreased the pH by 0.2 units below the untreated soil at the 0 to 30 cm depth and the effect lasted the entire 3 years of the study. Calcium values were lowered only slightly by the acid treatment. Lime additions caused steady increases in soil Ca. Magnesium values increased several months after each of the first and second lime applications. Lime raised the subsoil (30 to 45 cm) pH after 4 to 6 months. Seasonal variations in pH were very wide with the untreated soil pH varying from 6.1 to 6.8. The high pH level of 7.0 was not maintained for an entire season until the third year of the experiment. Soil pH as well as extractable Ca and Mg showed fluctuations that were the result of seasonal variations and soil moisture content at the time of sampling. Soil pH variables on a sandy soil should be established at least a year in advance of starting an experiment and must be closely monitored in order to maintain the desired pH levels.     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明：（1）在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%（显著低于CK）,而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。（2）不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。（3）花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。