An analysis of the tendency of reference evapotranspiration estimates and other climate variables during the last 45 years in Southern Spain

Climate change will have important implications in the agriculture of semi-arid regions, such as Southern Spain, where the expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. To evaluate these effects, a data set consisting of observed daily values of air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and wind speed from eight weather stations in Andalusia and covering the period 1960-2005 was used for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET_o). ET_o was calculated using five methods: the more complex Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PM) equation, considered as a reference in this study, and four alternative methods with fewer data requirements, Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Radiation and Priestley-Taylor. These methods were compared to PM with respect to ET_o average values and trends. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to evaluate annual and seasonal trends in the main climate variables and ET_o.Due to increases in air temperature and solar radiation, and decreases in relative humidity, statistically significant increases in PM-ET_o were detected (up to 3.5 mm year⁻¹). Although the Hargreaves equation provided the closest average values to PM, this method did not detect any ET_o trend. On the other hand, trends found from Blaney-Criddle and Radiation ET_o values were similar to those obtained from PM. In addition, after a local adjustment, these two methods gave accurate ET_o average values. Therefore, Blaney-Criddle and Radiation methods have shown themselves to be the most accurate approaches for ET_o determination in climate change studies, when available data provided by climate models are limited.     

干旱荒漠草原应用Penman-Monteith与Penman修正式计算ET_0的偏差分析

甘肃天祝草原位于我国西北干旱荒漠草原,应用天祝县二道墩试验站2005年的实测气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式和Penman修正式计算参考作物腾发量(ET0)并进行了比较。Penman修正式计算的参考作物腾发量ET0值略小于Penman-Monteith公式计算的值,最大绝对偏差0.5 mm/d。分析发现生育期辐射项ETrad是导致参考作物腾发量ET0产生偏差的主要原因。2种方法计算的空气动力项ETaero差别较小,最大绝对偏差不超过0.2 mm/d。导致计算偏差的原因在于2种公式采用了不同的辐射项和空气动力学项计算公式和参数。2个公式计算的参考作物腾发量具有显著的线性相关性。     

基于水汽扩散理论的水稻需水量数学模型

首先分析了气象要素包括气温、风速、空气饱和差、日照时数及蒸发量对水稻需水量的影响.然后,根据水汽扩散理论建立需水量基本方程,考虑气象要素对水汽交换系数的影响,建立水汽交换系数公式,从而导出计算水稻需水量的五因素数学模型.将该数学模型FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式需水量模型在寒地稻区进行对比分析.结果表明,该模型比Penman-Monteith公式具有较高的精度,可以作为区域性计算公式在稻作灌区中应用.     

不同冠层阻力模型对冬小麦返青-成熟期蒸散量估算的影响

蒸散量是农田水循环的重要组成部分,其准确估算对精准灌溉及农业节水具有重要意义。PenmanMonteith(P-M)模型是常用的估算方法之一,但冠层阻力/表面阻力的准确表达一直是应用中的难点。选取常用的7种冠层阻力模型,根据北京市顺义区2a(2020年和2021年)的波文比实测结果,对不同模型模拟的小麦冠层阻力及P-M估算的小麦蒸散量进行比较,并进一步分析影响小麦冠层阻力的主要因子。结果表明,7种模型均低估了小麦冠层阻力,同时高估了蒸散量。总体而言,Todorovic模型（TD）模拟效果最好,其模拟的冠层阻力和蒸散量的R2均大于0.605,平均偏差（MBE）分别为-82.8s·m-1和10.4W·m-2,相应的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为254.4s·m-1和33.5W·m-2;其余6种模型表现均较差,所模拟的冠层阻力R2仅0.113～0.241,MBE和RMSE在-236.4～-61.3s·m-1、277.2～373.8s·m-1;基于6种模型模拟阻力得到的小麦蒸散量与实测值的R2在0.046～0.184,MBE和RMSE分别在44.5～97.4W·m-2、81.4～147.9W·m...     

基于径流曲线数模型的江淮丘陵区塘坝复蓄次数计算模型

针对江淮丘陵区塘坝体系复蓄次数计算问题的重要性与复杂性,提出运用SCS模型处理塘坝灌区无资料水文模拟计算问题,构建了塘坝灌区降雨径流模拟模型,并依据Penman-Monteith公式计算了各典型作物的需水量,进而实现了对江淮丘陵区塘坝灌溉系统的水量平衡分析,合理地推算了塘坝系统复蓄次数,找出塘坝灌区现状灌溉体系中存在的问题,可为江淮丘陵区塘坝工程规划、种植结构调整以及灌溉制度的确定提供理论支撑,具有明显的实际指导意义和重要的推广应用价值。     

豫西北几种ET_0计算方法的比较及Hargeaves公式的修正

根据豫西北地区30年的气象资料,选用辐射法中的Makkink公式和Priestley-Taylor公式以及温度法的Hargreaves公式和McCloud公式计算了ET0,并以Penman-Monteith公式为标准,分别对各公式年值和旬均值的绝对误差、相对误差和累计误差进行分析,结果显示Hargreaves公式的精度最高。为了进一步提高Hargreaves公式的应用精度,建立了线形回归方程,并对其进行了修正。     

Spatial variation of climatology monthly crop reference evapotranspiration and sensitivity coefficients in Shiyang river basin of northwest China

Crop reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is often used to determine crop water requirement. ET₀ maps are useful for regional agricultural and water resources management, and also play an important role in the distributed hydrological modeling. For generating spatial ET₀ surfaces, ‘Interpolate-then-calculate (IC)’ approach is powerful in principle and is recommended especially for sparse weather station networks. The partial thin-plate smoothing spline incorporated in ANUSPLIN for interpolating climatic variables has been accepted widely across the world. In this paper, the climatology monthly ET₀ data of Shiyang river basin, one of the three inner basins in northwest China, are developed by spatially modeling the input climatic parameters with ANUSPLIN, and from the interpolated climate and ET₀ datasets, sensitivity coefficients of ET₀ to the climatic variables of selected months are also spatially distributed.In the cool months (January, February, November and December), the spatial variability of ET₀ is small and the value is rather low, whereas the warm season (May, June, July and August) is characterized by high values of ET₀ and large spatial variations in the river basin. Vapor pressure deficit is the most sensitive variable during the cool months and in the mountainous area with lower temperature; mean air temperature is the least sensitive one during the year and a little variation is observed at the basin scale. In summer, available energy primarily forces ET₀ as expected, and in winter, wind speed plays an important role and affects ET₀ greater at the northern plain region where deserts are dominated by dunes and low shrubs. We conclude that for regions with isolated climate stations, ‘IC’ procedure by including topographic and geographic factors can effectively model spatially distributed ET₀.     

基于Penman-Monteith公式的关中地区作物系数研究

通过对基于Penman-Monteith公式的作物系数研究,为Penman-Monteith公式在关中地区的推广应用提供参考。采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)先后推荐的Penman修正式与Penman-Monteith公式,计算关中地区30个气象站1961~2001年的参照作物腾发量,确定关中地区冬小麦和夏玉米基于Penman-Monteith公式的作物系数,比较分析基于Penman修正式与基于Penman-Moneith公式的作物系数的差异。在关中地区,冬小麦基于Penman修正式与基于Penman-Moneith公式的作物系数有显著差异;而夏玉米的没有显著差异。在关中地区推广应用Pen-man-Monteith公式计算作物需水量时,目前正在使用的基于Penman修正式的冬小麦作物系数需要校正;而夏玉米作物系数无须校正。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (KC) of maize and sorghum

A ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET_C) to reference evapotranspiration (ET_O) determines a crop coefficient (K_C) value, which is related to specific crop phenological development to improve transferability of the K_C values. Development of K_C can assist in predicting crop irrigation needs using meteorological data from weather stations. The objective of the research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific K_C and crop water use for maize (Zea Mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Texas AgriLife Research field in Uvalde, TX, USA from 2002 to 2008. Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA). A seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ET_O. Crop water requirements, K_C determination, and comparison to existing FAO K_C values were determined over a 3-year period for both maize and sorghum. Accumulated seasonal crop water use ranged between 441 and 641 mm for maize and between 491 and 533 mm for sorghum. The K_C values determined during the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.2 for maize and 0.2 to 1.0 for sorghum. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific K_C helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Variation in reference crop evapotranspiration caused by the Ångström-Prescott coefficient: Locally calibrated versus the FAO recommended

Accurate estimation of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) is investigated due to its critical role in affecting calculation of crop water use and efficiency in agricultural ecosystems. The main emphasis in this paper is to clarify the possible uncertainty in the estimation of ET₀ associated with using un-calibrated Ångström-Prescott (A-P) coefficients. We first calibrated the coefficients using long-term data records from 34 sites in the Yellow River basin in China, and then applied these coefficients to estimate short wave irradiance (R_s) and ET₀ at 16 sites to evaluate the difference in ET₀ between the FAO recommended and the locally calibrated. We found that the direct use of the FAO recommended coefficients significantly affected the estimation of ET₀ at most sites, which differed from −3% to 15% at daily scale and from −4% to 16% at monthly scale from the locally calibrated ones. These differences are comparable with or larger than those caused by some alternatives of the FAO recommended algorithms for net irradiance or vapor pressure, which further highlights the importance of using the locally calibrated coefficients. The degree of difference in ET₀ showed a significant threshold relation with altitude and longitude in such a way that relatively small impact lies around 2233 m and 98°E, and away from these, the effect begins to increase. Given the large overestimation in water use as a consequence of the significant overestimation in ET₀ associated with the direct use of the FAO coefficients, especially in those high yield production areas with altitude <1200 m, we developed several relationships between the A-P coefficient a, b, (a + b) and other easily obtainable factors (altitude, longitude and air temperature). A three-step procedure was recommended in applying these relations, which was (1) determine if calibration is needed or not for a given location; (2) estimate one of the A-P coefficients, either a or b if calibration is needed; (3) estimate the remaining coefficient using relations of (a + b) due to its higher coefficient of determination. In summary, we have revealed the errors and areas that are most affected when using the un-calibrated coefficients, and discussed the consequence of such error on agricultural production, and proposed practical solutions to avoid large errors. These results are intended to make the research community aware of such errors so that more appropriate choice of these coefficients is made. We hope that similar assessment will be done in other climates, contributing to managing water resources efficiently in water basins.