南京郊区某菜地土壤镉污染水平及其来源调查

通过南京郊区某菜地表层土壤、土壤剖面、大气降尘、灌溉水、土壤溶液、化肥的Cd含量研究,结果表明,菜地表层土壤存在一定程度的Cd污染,且土壤剖面由深及浅表现出累积趋势。表层土壤Cd的总体含量水平为0.30mgkg-1,其中自然背景含量为0.20mgkg-1,人为作用叠加含量为0.10mgkg-1。在人为污染来源中,大气降尘对菜地的贡献率为79%,化肥的贡献率为17%,而灌溉水仅为4%。工厂应采取适当措施避免废气直接排入大气中,菜农应施用有机肥,因为这些措施会有效控制进入菜地的镉含量。     

冻融作用对土壤中重金属镉赋存形态的影响

选择东北地区典型土壤-棕壤作为供试土壤,在室内培养条件下,采用逐级提取法,通过逐步回归分析研究了冻融作用对镉在土壤中赋存形态的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加外源重金属镉后,不同形态镉的含量差异很大,在本试验条件下镉主要以交换态为主,其次为残渣态,有机结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态含量相对较低;在冻融作用下,水分和冻融频次对各形态镉含量的影响达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);利用逐步回归分析建立了水分和冻融频次对不同形态镉含量影响的最优回归方程。     

山东省花生田和花生籽仁镉含量及其与施肥关系研究

大田抽样检测结果表明,山东花生田Cd含量为0.011~0.056mgkg-1,平均0.029mgkg-1,未超出农业部绿色食品产地土壤环境的质量标准。鲁西高于鲁东和鲁南,粘土高于壤土;烟台地区花生籽仁Cd含量为0.027~0.280mgkg-1,平均值(0.1048mgkg-1)超过了农业部对绿色食品花生籽仁的卫生要求。被测田块中超标的田块占37.5%,产品存在一定程度的Cd污染;砂壤土生产的花生Cd含量高于粘土,同一类型土壤花生籽仁中的Cd含量与土壤中的Cd含量无明显相关性,表明花生Cd污染受多种因素的影响;单项试验表明,在花生常用无机肥料中,花生籽仁Cd含量在一定范围内随施肥所带进土壤中Cd的增加而增加。     

镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响

采用土培和水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响。土培试验表明:施磷可以提高镉胁迫下小叶芥菜和雪里蕻种子的发芽率,提高小叶芥菜的生物量,而对雪里蕻生物量影响不大;施磷可以减少土壤中有效态镉含量,明显降低植株体内镉含量;植株体内的全磷含量随外加磷浓度的提高而显著增加。水培结果表明:镉胁迫下,磷供应对雪里蕻植株生物量影响不大;随着磷供应水平的增加,植株体内的全磷含量明显增加,但植株地上部镉、锌、钙、镁、锰等元素的含量明显降低。     

有机酸作用下黄壤无机纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)吸附动力学特性

为探究有机酸对镉在纳米粒级土壤上的有效性及其形态的影响,基于超声—离心—冻融法,应用到四川省名山河流域老冲积黄壤中,获得纳米微粒(≤100 nm),分别研究不同分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、富里酸、EDTA)及其组合(柠檬酸+EDTA、柠檬酸+富里酸、富里酸+EDTA)对土壤纳米微粒吸附Cd~(2+)动力学特性的影响。结果表明,土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的动力学吸附量大小关系表现为:柠檬酸+EDTA富里酸柠檬酸+富里酸柠檬酸富里酸+EDTAEDTA。总的来看,EDTA的抑制作用最强,最能降低土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附。     

试纸法快速测定食品中镉的含量

[目的]以试纸作为载体,建立了食品中有害重金属镉的快速检测方法。[方法]以马铃薯为样品,在试样中加入抗坏血酸和碘化钾,用硫酸调节p H,取混合试样与制作好的镉试纸片反应后,与标准比色板比较。[结果]以0.3%乙醇溶液配制的0.002%维多利亚蓝B作为显色剂溶液,使用快速定量滤纸浸泡在配制好的显色剂溶液中,在40~45℃恒温浸泡80~90 min后避光晾干制作成镉试纸。用干灰化法处理样品,在消化处理后的试样中加入少量0.06 mol/L抗坏血酸溶液和1.20 mol/L碘化钾溶液并混匀,使用浓硫酸2.0 m L调节试液的p H,最后测出的马铃薯中有害重金属镉的含量约为0.041 6 mg/kg。[结论]该研究建立的方法具有检测灵敏、快速方便等特点,可用于食品中镉含量的快速检测。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测市售藕粉中重金属Pb和Cd的含量

[目的]测定市售藕粉中重金属Pb、Cd的含量,为市民安全食用藕粉提供科学依据。[方法]将藕粉进行干法灰化后采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其重金属Pb、Cd含量。[结果]石墨炉原子吸收法测得不同品牌藕粉中Pb的含量在0.000 193 0~0.044 020 0mg/kg,Cd的含量在0.001 433~0.016 140 mg/kg,相比国家标准均未超标。[结论]不同产地的藕粉中重金属含量有差异,但供试样品中不同品牌藕粉的Pb、Cd的含量均未超出国家标准,可放心食用。     

镉在土壤中吸附的能量特征和解吸滞后效应研究

[目的]为了研究吸附-解吸反应对重金属生物有效性的影响.[方法]以我国12种典型农田土壤为试验材料,采用批次平衡法,研究重金属镉在农田土壤中吸附的能量特征和解吸滞后效应.[结果]供试土壤对镉的吸附均为自发反应,温度的升高有利于促进土壤对镉的吸附.土壤镉吸附的吉布斯自由能变（△G°）可以用来预测土壤镉的解吸能力.土壤对重金属镉吸附的主要机理为化学键力.镉在土壤中的解吸过程存在滞后现象,随着镉平衡液浓度的增加,各供试土壤中镉解吸的滞后效应增强.供试土壤pH和碳酸钙含量越高,滞后系数越大.这可能与土壤pH和碳酸钙含量较高时,镉在土壤中形成难解吸的内圈配合物和碳酸镉沉淀有关.[结论]该研究结果可以为防治土壤重金属污染和修复研究提供参考依据.     

Effects of Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer and its Application Stage on Cadmium Concentrations in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain

Abstract

Chloride (Cl) in saline soil increases the cadmium (Cd) concentration in crops. Here, we conducted a field experiment to investigate changes in Cd concentrations in wheat grain after the application of the Cl-containing fertilizer ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), with the aim of reducing its potential health risk. Effects of the application stage of NH₄Cl fertilizer and leaching treatment (i.e., heavy rainfall) were also investigated in field and pot experiments. Both field and pot experiments showed that the Cd concentration of wheat grain was higher with NH₄Cl fertilizer than with ammonium sulfate or urea fertilizers. Grain Cd concentration in wheat fertilized with NH₄Cl at the tillering–jointing and flowering stages in the field experiment was 0.223 mg kg^–1, which was about 1.5 times higher than that fertilized with urea. This finding is important because, in Japan, compound fertilizers containing NH₄Cl are commonly used in fields for wheat cultivation. NH₄Cl fertilizer application at the tillering–jointing and flowering stages had nearly equal effects on the Cd concentration in wheat grain. Basal dressing with NH₄Cl fertilizer increased Cd concentrations in wheat grain to a greater extent than topdressing (at thetillering–jointing and flowering stage applications) in a pot experiment that was protected from rain. Leaching treatment (assuming two lots of 100 mm rainfall) negated the effect of NH₄Cl fertilizer application on Cd concentration in wheat grain. We recommend the use of ammonium sulfate or urea preferentially as the nitrogen fertilizer because heavy rainfall rarely occurs during this period in Japan.     

Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.