重金属镉胁迫对大弹涂鱼肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

研究了在重金属镉胁迫条件下,大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmuspectinirostris)肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的变化。重金属镉胁迫12h时0·5mg/LCd2 组XOD酶活性和对照组比较显著升高(P<0·05);胁迫24h时,大弹涂鱼0·05mg/LCd2 组肝脏的XOD酶活性和对照组比较极显著升高(P<0·01),而0·5mg/LCd2 组酶活性结果却降低;恢复3d时0·5mg/LCd2 又极显著升高(P<0·01)。在镉胁迫解除5d时,3个浓度组的酶活性均极显著降低(P<0·01),其中0·05mg/LCd2 组和0·5mg/LCd2 组的酶活性和对照组酶活性比较无显著差异(P>0·05),5mg/LCd2 组的酶活性极显著低于对照组的酶活性(P<0·01)。实验结果表明,大弹涂鱼肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性对水体中镉污染敏感,有可能用做海洋环境污染的生物标记。     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis>)

The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations. The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however, Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time     

氯离子对玉米累积镉的影响

[目的]氯离子能与土壤中的金属镉离子产生络合反应。土壤络合作用抑制镉在作物体内的毒害效应。研究镉胁迫下不同浓度的Cl-对玉米生长和累积镉能力的有效性。[方法]模拟镉污染土壤盆栽玉米,当玉米长至2片真叶时,添加不同浓度的Cl-,培养2个月后收获,测定玉米形态、生物量和镉氯含量指标。[结果]不同Cl-浓度处理后,玉米数量性状、生物量和镉的累积差异较显著,当Cl-浓度为200 mg/kg时,玉米株高和根长与对照相比分别从67.00和20.26 cm增加到81.33和31.67 cm,地上部与地下部生物量分别从38.39和7.38 mg/kg增加到69.10和25.17 mg/kg,玉米地上部和地下部累积镉的含量分别从30.47和20.57 mg/kg下降到22.50和7.11 mg/kg,累积Cl-含量分别从1.24和1.23 mg/kg下降到0.72和0.04 mg/kg,玉米地下部体内Cl-与Cd含量的相关系数达到0.893（P〈0.05）。[结论]在土培试验条件下,一定浓度范围内的Cl-与镉的配合作用可以降低玉米对镉的吸收。     

Changes in compact bone microstructure of rats subchronically exposed to cadmium

Background

Chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd), even at low concentrations, has an adverse impact on the skeletal system. Histologically, primary and secondary osteons as basic structural elements of compact bone can also be affected by several toxicants leading to changes in bone vascularization and mechanical properties of the bone. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of subchronic peroral exposure to Cd on femoral bone structure including histomorphometry of the osteons in adult male rats.In our study, 20 one-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In the first group, young males received a drinking water containing 30 mg of CdCl₂/L, for 90 days. Ten one-month-old males without Cd intoxication served as a control group. After 90 days of daily peroral exposure, body weight, femoral weight, femoral length, cortical bone thickness and histological structure of the femora were analysed.

Results

We found that subchronic peroral application of Cd had no significant effect on body weight, femoral length and cortical bone thickness in adult rats. On the other hand, femoral weight was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Cd-intoxicated rats. These rats also displayed different microstructure in the middle part of the compact bone where vascular canals expanded into central area of substantia compacta and supplied primary and secondary osteons. Additionally, a few resorption lacunae which are connected with an early stage of osteoporosis were identified in these individuals. Histomorphometrical evaluations showed that all variables (area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameter) of the primary osteons’ vascular canals, Haversian canals and secondary osteons were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the Cd group rats. This fact points to alterations in bone vascularization.

Conclusions

Subchronic peroral exposure to Cd significantly influences femoral weight and histological structure of compact bone in adult male rats. It induces an early stage of osteoporosis and causes reduced bone vascularization. Histomorphometrical changes of primary and secondary osteons allow for the conclusion that the bone mechanical properties could be weakened in the Cd group rats. The current study significantly expands the knowledge on damaging action of Cd on the bone.     

镉诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫及其缓解途径

镉 (Cadmium ,Cd)对植物引起的氧化胁迫是Cd毒害的重要原因之一。综述了Cd诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫效应以及麦类作物对Cd氧化胁迫的相应防御反应 ,如抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物含量的变化等 ,并介绍了缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫的机理和途径。     

不同基因型水稻镉吸收差异及镉对水稻的影响研究进展

研究镉对水稻污染的生理生物学的作用机制,筛选富镉或低吸镉的水稻基因型品种对保护生态环境和生产绿色食品都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。综述了稻田镉污染的现状、危害,水稻镉吸收积累差异以及镉对水稻生长发育的影响等方面的研究成果,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

钼镉联合胁迫对山羊肾脏细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响

本研究以波尔山羊为实验动物,旨在观察钼镉联合胁迫对山羊肾脏细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响。选用63头健康波尔山羊随机分成7组,每组3个重复,选用七钼酸铵([(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O])作为实验钼源,氯化镉(Cd Cl2)作为实验镉源,按每kg山羊体质量添加钼、镉对照组(Mo 0 mg/kg+Cd 0 mg/kg),低镉低钼组(Mo 15mg/kg+Cd 0.5 mg/kg),低镉中钼组(Mo 30 mg/kg+Cd 0.5 mg/kg),低镉高钼组(Mo 45 mg/kg+Cd 0.5 mg/kg),高镉低钼组(Mo 15 mg/kg+Cd 1.0 mg/kg),高镉中钼组(Mo 30 mg/kg+Cd 1.0 mg/kg),高镉高钼组(Mo 45 mg/kg+Cd1.0 mg/kg),实验期50 d。并于当天、第25、50天每组各剖杀3头山羊取肾组织进行相关实验,观察不同剂量钼、镉对山羊肾脏细胞凋亡相关基因表达等的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,在实验第25、50天时,实验组山羊肾脏bcl-2 mRNA表达量下降(P0.01),bax mRNA、caspase-3 mRNA和cytc mRNA表达量上升(P0.05或P0.01);山羊钼镉联合胁迫导致肾线粒体抗氧化功能降低、自由基含量升高,导致细胞促凋亡基因表达量上升,抗凋亡基因的表达量下降,提示钼镉联合胁迫对山羊肾脏有明显损伤。     

锌镉互作对水稻幼苗镉和矿物质积累的影响

研究分析了在浓度梯度的Zn×Cd胁迫下两个水稻品种黄华占和IR68144幼苗根部和地上部Cd和矿物质的积累特征.结果表明:(1)随着营养液Cd2+浓度的上升,黄华占和IR68144根部和地上部的Cd含量都大幅增加.中等浓度的Zn2+能有效地减少高浓度Cd胁迫时水稻根系对Cd的吸收,但低浓度Cd胁迫时表现为协同吸收,而高浓度Zn2+则主要促进Cd的吸收.中等浓度的Z2++在一定条件下也能有效减少水稻地上部的Cd积累量,但其作用与Cd2+浓度和水稻基因型都有关,而高浓度Zn2+则完全表现为促进Cd的积累.(2)黄华占和IR68144根部和地上部的Zn含量都随着营养液Zn2+浓度的提高而增加.Cd对水稻Zn积累的影响与Zn2+浓度和基因型都有关,但大多数情况下Cd胁迫明显降低了水稻对Zn的积累.(3)在正常Zn2+浓度(0μmol/L)营养液中,Cd2+浓度上升时,黄华占和IR68144根部Fe积累量都保持相对平稳,但两者地上部Fe积累量明显持续降低;两品种根部Mn含量都不断增加,但黄华占地上部Mn积累量持续下降,而IR68144中保持平稳.Zn×Cd互作对水稻Fe积累的影响在根部主要表现为促进作用,在地上部则主要显示出抑制作用,但两品种的Mn积累量表现出复杂的Cd2+、Zn2+浓度和基因型相关性.说明锌镉互作能有效调控水稻幼苗对镉的吸收与转运,但其互作效应与Zn2+和Cd2+浓度有关,且表现出明显的基因型差异;同时还改变了水稻幼苗中锌、铁、锰等的积累.     

Lipid components of mustard seeds (Brassica juncea L.) as influenced by cadmium levels

In a pot experiment the soil application of different levels of Cd²⁺ (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 µg g^–1 soil) affected the lipid components of mustard seeds (Brassica juncea L. Cv. RH-30) markedly. Total lipids declined with the Cd²⁺ levels regularly while phospho and glycolipids increased only at higher levels. Fatty acids profile of total, neutral and polar lipid fractions were affected considerably. Erucic acid in total and neutral lipids was observed to increase while it decreased in polar lipids with Cd²⁺ as compared to control. On the other hand palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids had reverse trend. Cadmium concentration increased consistently with increasing levels of Cd²⁺. Plant dry weight was also decreased significantly with Cd²⁺ levels.     

土壤镉锌复合污染的植物效应与有机肥的调控作用

 研究了土壤镉、锌及其复合污染对小麦生长与籽粒产量的影响及猪厩肥调控作用 ,采用三因素三水平完全随机设计方案 ,模拟不同污染水平与有机 (猪厩 )肥施用水平 ,利用北京浅色草甸褐土进行盆栽试验。试验结果表明 ,10mg/kgCd处理对小麦苗期生长有一定的刺激作用 ,而单一处理的 10 0mg/kgCd、5 0 0mg/kgZn和 10 0 0mg/kgZn均对小麦苗期生长产生了毒害效应 ,且随着污染浓度的提高 ,毒害加重。Cd、Zn复合污染处理对小麦苗期生长毒害效应均大于Cd、Zn同水平单元素处理。加入猪厩肥 2 0 0g/盆、4 0 0g/盆明显抑制了Cd、Zn单一及其复合污染对小麦苗期生长发育的毒害 ,使幼苗生长趋于正常 ,且后者效果优于前者。当土壤中外源Cd、Zn分别为 10、5 0 0mg/kg单一污染时 ,显著降低了小麦籽粒产量 ,并随其浓度的提高 ,籽粒产量减少。Cd Zn复合污染对小麦籽粒产量影响的交互效应主要为拮抗作用 ,在高浓度复合污染 (M0Zn10 0 0Cd10 0 )时则表现为协同效应。Cd Zn复合污染对小麦籽粒的危害效应大于同水平的单元素污染的效应 ,因此必须重视复合污染的危害。而在Cd、Zn及其复合污染土壤上施用猪厩肥能减轻污染元素对小麦的毒害 ,极显著提高小麦籽粒产量。