有机酸作用下黄壤无机纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)吸附动力学特性

为探究有机酸对镉在纳米粒级土壤上的有效性及其形态的影响,基于超声—离心—冻融法,应用到四川省名山河流域老冲积黄壤中,获得纳米微粒(≤100 nm),分别研究不同分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、富里酸、EDTA)及其组合(柠檬酸+EDTA、柠檬酸+富里酸、富里酸+EDTA)对土壤纳米微粒吸附Cd~(2+)动力学特性的影响。结果表明,土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的动力学吸附量大小关系表现为:柠檬酸+EDTA富里酸柠檬酸+富里酸柠檬酸富里酸+EDTAEDTA。总的来看,EDTA的抑制作用最强,最能降低土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附。     

重金属Cd胁迫对不同玉米品种生理生化指标的影响（英文）

[目的]研究重金属Cd胁迫对不同玉米品种生理生化指标的影响,为重金属生态毒理学研究提供理论依据。[方法]以辽宁地区大面积种植的玉米品种铁南2号,营丹11号和郑丹958号为供试材料,探讨了不同浓度Cd2＋胁迫对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理生化指标的影响。[结果]低浓度Cd胁迫表现为一定的刺激作用,较高浓度某种程度上则表现了明显的抑制性。当Cd2＋浓度大于5mg/L时,对不同玉米种子萌发均有明显的抑制效应,并且随着Cd2＋浓度的增加,对Cd耐受程度不同的玉米品种其幼苗生长及其外渗电导率、叶绿素含量等生理生化指标产生明显差异。[结论]铁南2号玉米品种对重金属Cd的抗性明显比其他2种玉米品种强。     

不同燕麦品种的镉毒害效应及耐镉性差异

为探讨不同燕麦品种耐Cd能力的差异,采用营养液培养,对10个燕麦品种的Cd毒害效应及耐Cd性差异进行了研究。结果表明,供试燕麦品种添加5 μmol·L^-1 Cd处理20 d后,幼苗生物产量均低于对照,不同品种间降幅差异显著,其中“品5号”生物产量下降幅度最小,耐Cd指数最高,而“坝莜6号”生物产量降幅最大,耐Cd指数最低。Cd胁迫条件下,供试燕麦品种叶绿素含量、根系活力均有不同程度降低;POD活性、Pro含量不同程度增加,并且这些指标的增减幅度品种之间差异显著。Cd胁迫下,各品种叶片POD活性增加率、Pro增加率与耐Cd性呈显著正相关,根系活力降低率与耐Cd性呈显著负相关,这三者可作为燕麦耐Cd性的生化指标。     

小麦中重金属镉测定的分析与研究

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法由于灵敏度高,检出限低,自动化程度高,被广泛用于重金属元素的分析检测。利用干法灰化法对小麦样品进行前处理,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测,探讨仪器分析最佳试验条件。该方法检测结果表明,相对标准偏差为0.20%,加标回收率为82.0%～99.5%。     

几种市售鲜食用菌重金属含量及评价

对兰州市市售的8个鲜食用菌样品中的铅、镉、砷、汞含量进行检测,并结合国家卫生质量标准(GB7096-2003)及《绿色食品-食用菌》NY/T749-2003,对被测食用菌中的重金属含量进行安全评价,结果表明,兰州市市售食用菌的重金属含量总体上是安全的,但有个别样品出现汞含量超过国家标准。     

不同品种苜蓿芽期对重金属镉的耐性研究

以5个苜蓿品种为材料,研究镉胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,并分析比较了5个品种间的耐镉性差异。结果表明,低浓度镉对种子的发芽率和发芽指数影响不大,甚至有促进作用。随着镉浓度的增加,5个苜蓿品种的种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数、胚根和芽长都呈明显下降趋势,而胚芽直径则随着镉浓度的增加先呈上升趋势,而后又在50mg/L的镉浓度下迅速下降。通过耐镉性系数的计算,综合各个指标比较得出5个品种苜蓿的芽期耐镉性,排名为:新疆大叶苜蓿牧歌401号苜蓿0104号苜蓿玛纳斯苜蓿佩里苜蓿。     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.     

Some interactions of cadmium with other elements in plants

Abstract

Cadmium in solution culture at 10^‐4 M decreased Mn concentrations in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) at both low and high concentrations of Mn (noncompetitive inhibition). When Mn was decreased, the concentrations of Fe and several other ions were simultaneously increased, particularly in leaves and roots. Toxicity due to the 10^‐6 M Cd and the 10^‐4 M Mn was additive in the experiment. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas57)was grown in amended soil, 15μg Fe as DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) per g soil resulted in increased uptake of Cd and in somewhat greater yield depression for soil pH of 3.9, 6. 0, and 7.6. Acidification of soil without DTPA also increased Cd uptake to high levels with associated yield decrease. The Cd decreased the uptake of Mn and Cu most when CaCO₃ had also been added to the soil. When salts were added to soil with Cd before bush beans were grown, KCl (200 μg K/g soil), and equivalent KH₂PO₄ increased Cd concentrations of leaves while CaSO₄ and KCl did so for roots. In bush beans with different levels of Cd and Zn, there were no yield interactions, but some interactions of Cd on Zn concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots at the high Zn level.     

品种和土壤对水稻镉吸收的影响及镉生物有效性预测模型研究进展

稻田受重金属镉(Cd)污染后,土壤中的Cd可能被植物吸收通过食物链进入人体,威胁人类健康。而水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累有着深远的影响,因此在进行Cd的农产品安全阈值制定和人体健康风险评价时,需考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和不同水稻品种对Cd吸收的影响。本文综述了水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累的影响,并重点介绍了目前常用于预测重金属生物有效性的模型,以期为环境风险评价、土壤环境质量标准及农产品安全阈值制定提供有效的工具,并为生产安全(无公害)稻米提供参考。