Estimating dispersibility of Acer,Fraxinus and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment

Relative dispersibility of Tilia americana L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, was inferred from the ratio among species-specific regression coefficients () computed from seedling density-distance plots. Density counts were made in spatially-uniform old fields adjacent to single seed sources or monotypic fencerows. Resultant seedling shadow curves approximate the negative exponential form expected for many seeds (log y=a–X). This basic curve shape fit species of differing dispersibility, dispersal under a range of wind directions and one-year-old or all-aged cohorts. The ratios of were 1:2.6:3.2 for Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus, respectively, in order of increasing dispersibility. Vegetation patches isolated from seed sources by several hundred meters or more should have extremely low input of seeds, especially Tilia and Acer.The finding that Fraxinus disperses farther than Acer was unexpected, since the samaras of the former have faster terminal velocities. The relationship can be explained by better performance of Fraxinus samaras in the stronger winds experienced by trees in open landscapes, poorer formation of the samara abscission layer, and release of samaras following leaf abscission and during the winter when winds are the strongest. Both the samara plan and dispersal phenology need to be considered in estimating relative dispersibility among species.     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

塔里木河生态环境演变及整治途径

在以农业为主的生产方式下 ,塔里木河生态环境演变是绿洲与沙漠同时扩大 ,而处于两者之间的自然林地、草地、野生动物栖息地和自然水域不断缩小 ,也即荒漠与绿洲之间过渡带缩小 ,这主要是由于人类活动改变了区域水量平衡、水盐平衡和生态平衡造成。塔里木河整治应实行治理上游、改造中游、拯救下游 ;合理利用水资源 ,使上、中、下游相对平衡 ;保护自然植被使下游绿色走廊得以恢复     

以大蜡螟与人工培养基连续传代的两种斯氏线虫生物学特性比较

本文比较了 Steinernema carpocaprae 和 Steinernema anomali 两个种(品系)的斯氏昆虫病原线虫,分别在大蜡螟和鸡什海绵人工培养基下连续传代培养的两个种群的形态、带菌率、发育、繁殖、毒力和寻找寄主能力的差异。试验表明:同一种(品系)长期在蜡螟传代的线虫种群比人工培养基传代的种群的线虫体较大,在寄主昆虫内发育怏、繁殖量大。但细菌保留率、感染率、感染指数、在沙里寻找寄主并使其致死的能力稍低。上述的差异在 S.anomali 这个种尤为明显,S.car pocapsae 则差异不大。     

中烈度火干扰后喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落的稳定性

【目的】 分析中烈度火干扰后,不同火后时间喀纳斯泰加林群落在火成演替过程中的稳定性状态,加深对其火干扰后群落演替和恢复过程的科学认识。【方法】 运用采用数学模型改进的Gordon稳定性测度方法,计算并判定中烈度火干扰后不同火后时间喀纳斯泰加林通过火成演替其群落所达到的稳定性状态。【结果】 受到中烈度火干扰后,随着火后时间的增加和森林群落的持续恢复,喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落的稳定性由低逐渐升高,并在火后60 a达到相对持续稳定。【结论】 喀纳斯泰加林群落的稳定性受火干扰的深刻影响,在中烈度火干扰后,大约需要60 a群落才能通过演替恢复到相对持续稳定的状态。中烈度火干扰后森林群落达到相对稳定状态的演替恢复时间为通过计划火干扰恢复退化泰加林提供参考。     

Long‐term effects of mulching,traditional cutting and no management on plant species composition of improved upland grassland in the Czech Republic

A shortage of available livestock for utilizing grassland biomass in Central Europe is challenging for the management of both semi‐natural grasslands and previously intensified (limed, fertilized and reseeded) upland grasslands. An alternative method of grassland management is mulching, in which aboveground biomass is cut, crushed and subsequently spread on the surface. This paper reports on an experiment to compare three different mulching frequencies (one, two and three times per year) with an unmanaged treatment and traditional management of two cuts per year (control) on a previously improved upland meadow. Plant species composition was monitored over 13 years. Traditional management of two cuts with biomass removal was the most suitable method for maintaining plant species richness and diversity, and both were reduced significantly in the once‐mulched and especially in the unmanaged treatment. Tall dicotyledonous weeds such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense and Aegopodium podagraria were promoted by the unmanaged treatment and by mulching once a year. Higher frequency of defoliation had positive effects on the spread of short forbs such as Taraxacum spp., Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens. After eight years, there were changes in sward structure in the unmanaged and mulched‐once‐a‐year treatments, with increase in the tall/short species ratio. In conclusion, repeated mulching cannot substitute fully for traditional two‐cut management in improved upland meadows without decreasing plant species richness and diversity, and changing the sward structure. Although mulching once a year may prevent invasion by shrubs and trees, it also supports the spread of weedy species similar to no management.     

Lichens and bryophytes on Eucalyptus obliqua in Tasmania: management implications in production forests

Thirty lichen and 25 bryophyte species have been recorded from the buttresses of Eucalyptus obliqua, the dominant tree in wet sclerophyll forest at the Warra Long-Term Ecological Research Site in southern Tasmania. The flora, characterised by four major associations, is very distinctive, containing a relatively high number of eucalypt specialists, particularly among the lichens. A general trend towards increasing species richness with increasing tree diameter is apparent and is attributed mainly to increasing habitat diversity on the buttresses. The increase in species occurs without the loss of pioneers; thus succession involves addition rather than replacement of species. The relationships between epiphytes, tree age and forest age are complicated by the periodic occurrence of fires in the forest. Nevertheless, potential oldgrowth indicators are identified and the possible effects of current silvicultural practices on the conservation of the species are discussed.     

南京紫金山糙叶树种群结构与动态

为明晰地带性植被糙叶树种群结构与动态特征,根据1 hm²固定样地中优势种糙叶树的每木调查结果,通过种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析函数及时间序列模型,对糙叶树种群的结构动态进行分析。结果表明：1)糙叶树种群属于增长型,在自然干扰下,种群数量变化动态指数为3.04%,表明该种群能够在当前演替阶段保持稳定。2)种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ直线型B₃亚型,死亡率和消失率均表现出波动性特征。3)时间序列预测表明,在经过2～5个龄级后,除Ⅸ和Ⅺ龄级外,种群各龄级的个体数量均有不同程度增长。综上所述,虽然紫金山糙叶树种群个体数量在当前演替阶段能够维持稳定,但种群在幼中龄过渡阶段死亡率(43.2%)和死亡密度(9.7%)偏高,需通过适度开展科学的经营性择伐等森林抚育措施,及时伐除病残木,营造小林窗,改善林内生存环境,从而促进糙叶树种群的天然更新与苗木生长。     

黄土丘陵区典型草地演替中植物群落特征与土壤储水量关系

[目的]阐明草地植被演替过程中植被生产力、植物多样性等生态学特征与土壤储水量的关系,为探明黄土高原地区植被恢复的生态环境效应提供一定的科学依据。[方法]采用时空互代的方法对宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山保护区自然恢复3,8,13,46,66,89a的样地进行取样,分析0—100cm土层土壤储水量的分布及其与地上地下植物生物量、物种多样性的关系。[结果]随着草地演替的进行,植被群落盖度、生物量和物种多样性指数在恢复13a之前显著增加,之后渐趋稳定;土壤含水量逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低。植被群落演替对0—40cm土层土壤储水量没有显著影响,但演替后期对40cm以下土层水分有明显消耗。植被群落生物量及物种多样性指标与表层0—10cm水分呈显著正相关。[结论]草地演替过程中,植被群落生物量和物种多样性的增加与表层土壤储水能力的提升密切相关,但深层根系生物量的增加对下层土壤储水的消耗也逐渐增大。