茄子黄萎菌生物学特性及初侵来源的初步研究

对采自呼和浩特市和包头市郊区黄萎病的5个菌株,通过茄茎柱、杏干培养基和30℃下生长的观察,确定呼、包郊区茄黄萎病菌均属大丽菊轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb)。对其生物学特性研究证明:菌丝生长最低温度为5℃,适温范围为22.5～25.0℃,以22.5℃生长最适,最高生长温度为33℃。孢子萌发适温为25.0℃。菌丝在 pH4～9范围内均可生长,以 pH6生长最适。菌丝碳源营养中甘露醇、葡萄糖和可溶性淀粉生长最适。初侵来源试验表明:土壤、病残体中的微菌核、厚垣孢子和休眠菌丝体是呼、包两市茄黄萎病的初侵来源。种子不是初侵染来源。     

不同碳氮源对青海春油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长及菌核形成的影响

[目的]探讨油菜菌核病菌在外源营养条件下的生物学特性。[方法]以青海高原春油菜菌核病菌为材料,研究了不同碳源和氮源及不同pH对该病菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响。[结果]适宜该菌核病菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的碳源分别为可溶性淀粉和果糖,氮源分别为柠檬酸铵和硫酸铵,碳氮比为30∶1,pH范围为6.0～7.0。[结论]为控制和防治油菜菌核病提供了理论依据。     

河南省农村居民家庭收入和消费的因子分析

运用多元统计分析中的因子分析方法,借助于SPSS统计软件,对2010年全国31个省(市)的农村居民家庭收入和消费数据进行了因子分析,将河南省与其他省份的因子分析结果进行了比较,指出河南省农村非农产业存在发展水平较低、农村居民收入来源单一、消费水平低等问题。针对这些问题,提出增加农村居民的外部收入,改变农村居民消费观念等对策建议。     

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand, India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State,India.The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years.They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures.A few years ago with the announcement of the establishment of the Rajaji National Park,the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park,which has affected their lifestyle.The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study.The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony,the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selective trees for various uses.A total of 176 households were interviewed (giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size) by using pre-structured questionnaires.The education level was very low (12.9%) and the average income per household was recorded as Rs.36000 (approximately $ 803) per year.The major source of income was dairy production (80.6%) followed by labor employment (13.9%),NTFPs (4.2%) and agricultural production (1.4%).More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest.The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg,respectively.A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources.Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder,fuel wood,agricultural implements,household articles,dye,medicine,fiber and other products.According to their utility value,the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis,followed by Terminalia alata,Bombax ceiba,Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo.     

碳氮源对复合木质素降解菌木质素降解能力及相关酶活的影响

白腐真菌所具有的降解木质素能力源于其所产生的酶系统,碳源和氮源是其降解木质素和产酶的一个极为重要的影响因素。通过室内小麦秸秆固态发酵试验,研究了不同的碳、氮源对两株侧耳属真菌Tf1（P.pulmonarius）和JG1（P.cornucopiae）产酶活力、木质素降解和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,Lip和MnP是参与复合木质素降解菌Tf1＋JG1降解小麦秸秆重要的木质素降解酶。以葡萄糖为碳源,酒石酸铵为氮源能显著提高复合木质素降解菌对木质素的降解能力,发酵9 d后小麦秸秆的失重率为14.87%,木质素含量为8.68%,木质素降解率为22.95%;粗蛋白含量为7.28%,比未发酵麦秸提高了36.84%（P〈0.05）;Lip和MnP活力分别为629.11 U.g-1和622.22 U.g-1。     

柳州市县级以上集中式饮用水水源地环境现状调查及保护对策研究

随着社会经济的发展,饮用水安全关系到广大人民群众的身体健康、生命安全和经济社会的和谐稳定。通过对柳州市县级以上集中式饮用水水源地的环境基础现状调查,研究饮用水水源地存在的环境问题和管理问题,并针对其存在的问题进行分析,提出管理对策与建议。     

渝北区乡镇饮用水源现状调查及保护措施研究

通过对近年来渝北区乡镇饮用水源建设保护现状的调查,分析了渝北区乡镇饮用水源建设保护中存在的问题及原因,并结合渝北区实际情况,提出了乡镇饮用水源污染防治和管理建设方面的措施建议。     

Crop use and profile distribution of phosphorus in soils that developed on mafic rocks in southern Portugal

The phytoavailability of soil phosphorus (P) depends on the different forms in which it occurs and how these forms change after the application of P fertiliser to the soil. Forms of P in the A, B and C horizons of eleven pedons that developed on mafic rocks were characterised by a fractionation method before and after fertilisation with single superphosphate, and a micropot experiment was conducted to assess the short-term use of P fertiliser by rye (Secale cereale L.). The main sources of P to the crop were (i) phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces and pedogenic Fe, Al or Ca phosphates in the A horizon and (ii) Ca-phosphates in B and C horizons. In the C horizons, poor in Fe/Al phases and clay, the precipitated Ca-P showed low solubility, resulting in a reduction in shoot biomass. The apparent P recovery by rye was similar in the A (36%) and B (29%) but decreased in the C (15%) horizons. The partial factor productivity (g g^?1) decreased from the A (58) to B (11) and C (5) horizons. P phytoavailability decreased with increasing profile depth because the transformation of P fertiliser to poorly soluble Ca-P forms increased with depth.     

我国生态农场建设的思考

生态农场作为生态农业的落地载体,兼顾生态环境保护与经济社会可持续发展,具有市场灵活性,在带动农户发展专业化、标准化、绿色化生产方面具有明显优势。新形势下,各地已形成了一批各具特色的生态农场典型案例。2016-2017年,作者重点围绕面源污染防控与农业清洁生产,以我国东部15个省市的468家生态农场为研究对象,制定调查问卷开展典型案例调查研究。研究结果表明,90%的农场成立时间在15年以下,生态农场经营者的平均年龄为47.5岁,土地面积在6.6~16.6 hm²的农场占到40%,土地平均租金为11 040元·hm^-2·a^-1;以公司、合作社和家庭农场为组织形式的农场各占23%、40%和30%;进行了农产品质量认证的农场占到73%;生态农业措施采用率排在前5位的是有机肥/堆肥、人工/机械除草、轮作、清洁田园、杀虫灯/秸秆还田;养殖农场的生态意识较为淡薄,生态措施的采用情况也不乐观。在农场投入方面,种植农场的肥料投入和养殖农场的饲料投入最高,劳动力工资平均在3~4万元·cap.^-1·a^-1;种植农场收益率为-21%~70%,养殖农场为13%~337%,种养结合农场为-21%~152%;50%的农场获得过农业补贴。从调研结果看,我国生态农场有着良好的发展势头,但还处于初级阶段,缺乏相应的指导。文章在调研的基础上还从技术应用、产业融合、成本收益、销售途径及补贴政策等方面分析了生态农场发展过程中面临的问题和挑战,并提出了相应的对策建议,以期对我国生态农场健康有序发展提供指导。     

沉积物磁性特征对物源指示作用的探讨

利用快速发展的磁学技术对环境系统中的自然物质和人类活动所产生的次生物质进行物质来源鉴别是当前环境磁学研究的热点和难点。本文在简要介绍了磁学物质鉴别分析原理的基础上,详细阐述了沉积物磁性特征对物质来源的指示作用及其在古环境演变研究和现代环境污染研究中的实际应用,最后指出磁学鉴别物质来源存在的主要问题和努力方向。