把不确定性引入生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计以评估东海带鱼渔业资源

东海带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)是东海区重要经济鱼类之一,目前还没有研究在生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的估计中引入不确定性并在此情况下对东海区带鱼渔业资源进行量化评估。文章应用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了渔业数据中不同水平的不确定性和不同初次捕捞年龄对F0.1和Fmax估计的影响,用其与现在的捕捞死亡系数Fcur做比较,初步评估了东海带鱼渔业资源。计算结果表明,高水平的不确定性将会增加在F0.1和Fmax估计中的差异,从而使其被定义为过度捕捞的可能性减小。经过比较表明,F0.1比Fmax是一更好的参考点,且东海区带鱼渔业明显处于过度捕捞状态。不同初次捕捞年龄下单位补充量渔获量的变化情况的研究表明,增大初次捕捞年龄可以减小现在的捕捞死亡率大于参考点死亡率的概率,从而增大初次捕捞年龄可以改善现在捕捞过度的资源状况。     

Investigations of physiological and pathological levels of total plasma protein in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This study was aimed at construction of reference (physiological) value intervals determined by lower 2.5% and upper 97.5% quantiles for total plasma protein (TPP) in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhychus mykiss (Kamloops strain), aged 10–12 months (n=755). Total plasma protein in male trout from raceway culture was found to be significantly greater (38–58.3 g L^?1) relative to females (31–51.5 g L^?1). Total plasma protein in trout from cage culture was significantly greater (32–54 g L^?1) compared with the raceway culture (31–49 g L^?1). Moderate product–moment correlations between TPP and cholesterol (r=0.8730), TPP and total calcium (r=0.8188), TPP and alanine aminotransferase (r=0.6200) and between TPP and aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.6430) were estimated. Proteinaemia was explained as a metabolic response to feed content, infections of bacterial or viral aetiology or to intoxications.     

A seasonal survey of surface water habitats within the River Spey basin,Scotland: major nutrient properties

• 1. Current monitoring strategies of governmental organizations tend to be focused on relatively large flowing and standing waters, and until recently those polluted by point sources. Consequently areas of high conservation interest tend to be understudied, and defining reference conditions, as required by current legislation, is difficult to achieve.
• 2. In order to address this imbalance, water samples have been collected and analysed once in each of four seasons during 2003 from 72 locations within a 100 km² area of the oligotrophic River Spey catchment in NE Scotland. The sampling design included examples of running water (headwater streams and the main rivers) and standing water (lochs, lochans, pools, ditches, backwaters, bogs). Altitude ranged from 220 to 980 m and incorporated a climatic regime from cool temperate to sub‐alpine. Each sampling campaign targeted low‐flow conditions to evaluate steady‐state nutrient concentrations.
• 3. Concentrations of the major soluble nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus demonstrated high spatial and temporal variability, with soluble organic and molybdate unreactive forms generally being dominant. Concentrations of ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and soluble reactive phosphorus were extremely small, with 50% of samples falling below 8, 5 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively, during spring and summer.
• 4. Sampling sites were grouped either by water‐body type or by the properties of their immediate biophysical zone. Together these two groupings explained 33–38% of the variance in water chemistry. Certain changes were detectable across most habitats and biophysical zones.
• 5. A decline in the concentration of nitrate that occurred in reaches downstream from certain headwater streams draining the mountain areas indicated the potential for its within‐stream utilization. Inorganic N dynamics differed between small streams and large rivers.
• 6. Landscape‐scale patterns were recorded in spring and summer nutrient availability with inorganic N and P thresholds (arbitrarily defined) of 10 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.     

工业化进程中美国高等教育资源配置对河南教育发展的启示

在工业化进程中,通过政府立法、政府与企业的充足经费支持、市场为主的教育资源调配方式,美国高等教育实现了不同类型高校间、不同区域内、同一区域内教育资源的合理配置。河南省可采取加大对教育的立法与指导、坚持多渠道融资、采用政府调控为主,市场化为辅的教育资源配置及构建信息化资源共享平台等手段实现教育资源优化配置。     

基于PSO-BP神经网络的参考作物蒸腾量预测

针对以往BP神经网络收敛速度慢及易陷于局部极小值等问题,引入粒子群算法优化BP网络的权值和阈值,建立PSO-BP神经网络,预测参考作物蒸腾量ET0。以西安地区的相关资料为基础,设计9种影响因子组合方案,利用PSO-BP网络模型进行ET0的预测,结果表明,该模型运算速度快,预测精度较高;对比分析9种方案的预测结果发现,方案7为最优,该方案只需选用平均温度、平均相对湿度、风速和日照时数四项影响因子,即可获得较高精度的参考作物蒸腾量预测值。     

论南通海洋文化产业发展历程及其历史借鉴

南通因天然独特的地理条件,海洋文化发展历史悠久,内涵丰富,与之相比,海洋文化产业的发展则起步较晚。南通海洋文化产业的发展历程,大致可以分为发端、改革和快速发展3个阶段。目前,南通市沿海地区已基本形成了海洋旅游文化产业、海洋节庆会展业、海洋文艺产业等共同发展的新格局,并成为引领南通海洋经济发展的重要增长点。这得益于政府对历史遗存的保护、对新海洋产业资源的开发以及海洋产业基础配套设施的建设。与此同时,南通在海洋文化产业格局等方面还有待调整。     

河套灌区参考作物蒸发蒸腾量估算方法研究

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）是计算作物需水量的基础,一般用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式（PM公式）计算。但是在河套灌区部分地区缺少辐射数据的观测,因而无法利用PM公式计算ET₀。本文选用河套灌区临河气象站1990—2012年的气象资料,分析了利用PM公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET₀与气象要素的关系,发现对ET₀影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其次为饱和水气压差和平均温度。建立了基于饱和水气压差、温度和风速的ET₀估算公式,验证结算显示相关系数、纳什效率系数和总量平衡系数分别为0.96、0.92、1.00。在风速缺测的条件下,也建立了基于饱和水汽压差和温度的ET₀估算公式。以上两个公式为河套灌区缺资料条件下ET₀的估算提供了简单且准确的估算方法。     

稻螟赤眼蜂实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选适合稻螟赤眼蜂试验使用的内参基因,本试验根据转录组测序结果挑选了十个稻螟赤眼蜂候选内参基因（包括PABPC1L、ACTR2、ARPC2、EF1a、EEF1D、SFRS7、HSP70、CSNK1a1、GAPDH和TMEM209）,分别检测了其在包括温度、取食、农药刺激等不同条件下,以及在稻螟赤眼蜂不同的发育历期的表达情况。利用RefFinder分析软件对Delta CT、BestKeeper、NormFinder、GeNorm四种软件分析基因表达稳定性的结果进行综合排序。结果表明,不同温度、取食、农药刺激和不同发育历期处理,表达相对稳定的内参基因分别为EF1a、EEF1D;SFRS7、ARPC2;PABPC1L、TMEM209;PABPC1L、ARPC2。本研究结果为在不同条件下选择稻螟赤眼蜂内参基因提供了参考,也有利于在稻螟赤眼蜂的基因表达研究中取得更为可靠、准确的数据。