Energy budget adjustment of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during breeding period

Reproductive success is unpredictable for many cultured echinoderms. And cost of reproduction plays an important role in animal life‐history. Therefore, understanding cost of reproduction contributes to improving breeding techniques during broodstock rearing in aquaculture. In this study, energetic costs during breeding were explored in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, an important aquaculture species in China, Japan and South Korea. The food intake, digestive functions and energy budget patterns were estimated at different breeding stages. Unexpectedly, in the growing gonad phase of the sea cucumber lifecycle, animals showed a decline in feed consumption (from 4.49 to 2.6 g ind^?1 day^?1), ingestion rate (from 0.4 to 0.13 g g^?1 day^?1) and apparent digestive rate (from 14.73% to 10.92%), resulting in a reduced energy input. In addition, the increased energy investment in reproduction (from 1.76% to 15.61%) resulted in a decrease in energy allocated to soma growth (from 17.1% to 5.64%) and self‐maintenance (from 47.82% to 34.67%). These results suggest that reproduction impairs energy acquisition ability in breeding A. japonicus. And broodstock can adapt energy shortage by internal adjustment of energy allocation strategy.     

Effects of stocking density,ration and temperature on growth,survival and metamorphosis of auricularia larvae of the California sea cucumber,Parastichopus californicus

The combined effects of stocking density (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 inds/ml) and dietary microalgal ration (20,000 and 40,000 cells/ml) and the sole effect of temperature (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 22°C) on the specific growth rate (SGR), per cent survival and per cent metamorphosis of auricularia larvae of the California sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus, were evaluated in two separate experiments. The SGR was not significantly affected by stocking densities in the range of 0.2 to 4 inds/ml, but was significantly reduced at 8 inds/ml. The SGR of larvae fed 20,000 cells/ml was significantly reduced in comparison to those fed 40,000 cells/ml. Larvae had significantly higher per cent survival and per cent metamorphosis when reared at densities of 0.2 and 0.5 inds/ml compared with those reared at 2–8 inds/ml. Microalgal ration level did not significantly impact survival or metamorphosis. Larvae reared at 16 and 18°C had significantly higher SGRs and per cent metamorphosis than those held at all other temperatures, while per cent survival was highest at 16°C. Based on these results, we recommend rearing auricularia larvae of P. californicus at a stocking density at or below 0.5 inds/ml, a dietary ration of 40,000 cells/ml, and a temperature of 16°C.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌K103对黄瓜穴盘苗的促生作用

为了探明解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）K103对黄瓜穴盘苗的促生效果及作用机理,以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩混合物料为基质,播种前基质接种K103,测定黄瓜穴盘苗生长发育参数,并采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析穴盘苗根际细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明：解淀粉芽胞杆菌K103具有较高的固氮和溶解有机磷活性;基质接种K103提高了黄瓜穴盘苗根系活力和矿质养分吸收积累量,促进黄瓜生长;K103可在黄瓜穴盘苗根际定殖,并显著提高了根际食菌蛭弧菌,鞘氨醇单胞菌CHNTR37、CL01,德氏嗜酸菌,鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌等9种细菌的相对丰度,这些细菌对植物多具有促生潜力。     

Survey of the response of 82 domestic landraces of Zea mays to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) reveals geographical region‐related resistance to CMV in Japan

Zea mays has been historically imported to Japan via two independent geographical routes: into southern Japan by trading with Europe in the 16th century and into northern Japan by import from North America in the 19th century. Breeding to genetically improve on quality traits and high yields has led to the current domestic landraces in each region. In a survey of 82 domestic landraces, nine out of 38 landraces originating from southern Japan showed complete immunity to cucumber mosaic virus yellow strain (CMV(Y)) without the formation of necrotic local lesions (NLLs). In contrast, three out of 44 landraces originating from northern Japan developed NLLs, but revealed no systemic spread of the virus. Due to the absence of good documentation on NLL formation in Z. mays, the response of domestic landraces Aso‐1 and Aso‐3, originating from Ibaraki in northern Japan, to a challenge with CMV(Y) and CMV(Ma‐1) was further analysed. Aso‐3 only formed NLL in response to CMV(Y) but not to CMV(Ma‐1). Moreover, in CMV(Y)‐inoculated Aso‐3, virus spread was restricted to the primary infection site and the expression of defence‐related genes was up‐regulated, whereas Aso‐1 became systemically infected with either CMV(Y) or CMV(Ma‐1). The response of Aso‐3 to CMV(Y) was inherited as a single dominant trait. Together, these results pointed towards the induction of hypersensitive response (HR)‐mediated resistance to CMV(Y) in Aso‐3. Although HR‐mediated resistance to viruses has been studied mainly in dicots, the pathosystem CMV–Z. mays may provide a model to investigate HR‐mediated resistance to viruses in monocot plants.     

Cucumis metuliferus is resistant to root‐knot nematode Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent isolates and a promising melon rootstock

Pot experiments were carried out to characterize the response of two Cucumis metuliferus accessions (BGV11135 and BGV10762) against Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica isolates and to determine the compatibility and the effect on physicochemical properties of fruit melons. In addition, histopathological studies were conducted. One week after transplanting, plants were inoculated with one J2 cm^?3 of sterilized sand (200 cm³ pots) and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 °C for 40 days. The susceptible cucumber cv. Dasher II or melon cv. Paloma were included for comparison. The number of egg masses and number of eggs per plant were assessed, and the reproduction index (RI) was calculated as the percentage of eggs produced on the C. metuliferus accessions compared to those produced on the susceptible cultivars. The compatibility and fruit quality were assessed by grafting three scions, two of Charentais type and one of type piel de sapo, under commercial greenhouse conditions. The resistance level of both C. metuliferus accessions ranged from highly resistant (RI < 1%) to resistant (1% ≤ RI ≤ 10%) irrespective of Meloidogyne isolates. Melon plants grafted onto C. metuliferus accession BGV11135 grew as self‐grafted plants without negatively impacting fruit quality traits. Giant cells induced by Meloidogyne spp. on C. metuliferus were in general poorly developed compared to those on cucumber. Furthermore, necrotic areas surrounding the nematode were observed. Cucumis metuliferus accession BGV11135 could be a promising melon rootstock to manage Meloidogyne spp., irrespective of their Mi1.2 (a)virulence, without melon fruit quality reduction.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定西瓜和黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物残留

基于分散固相萃取与气相色谱-串联质谱建立了快速检测西瓜和黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 和C₁₈净化,气相色谱-串联质谱 (GC-MS/MS) 测定,多反应检测模式 (MRM) 分析,内标法定量。考察了提取溶剂及吸附剂种类对分析结果的影响,优化了气相色谱-质谱条件。结果表明:在1~500 μg/L范围内,吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数 (r) 为0.994 3~0.999 9。在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物在西瓜中的平均回收率为70%~105%,相对标准偏差 (RSD,n = 5) 为3.4%~13%;在黄瓜中的添加回收率为82%~104%,相对标准偏差 (RSD,n = 5) 为1.3%~9.3%。吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物的定量限 (LOQ,S/N = 10) 为0.3~0.6 μg/kg,检出限 (LOD,S/N = 3) 为0.1~0.2 ng。该方法简单、高效、快速,满足残留分析的要求,适用于西瓜、黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物残留的快速检测。     

黄瓜白粉病抗性基因定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因的精细定位,明确抗性基因的候选区段,为进一步克隆基因及解析基因功能奠定基础。【方法】本研究选用高抗白粉病资源(自交系‘74’)和感白粉病资源(自交系‘80’)配制杂交组合,构建F_1、F_2群体,利用单囊壳白粉菌鉴定亲本及群体白粉病抗性并进行遗传分析;采用BSA-seq的方法对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因进行初步定位,在此基础上在候选区段开发分子标记,进一步精细定位白粉病抗性基因。【结果】分离群体单株表型鉴定结果表明,自交系74的抗性是由不完全隐性基因控制的。BSA-seq技术初步将抗性基因定位于5号染色体15—25 Mb位置,命名为PM 74。最终,利用分子标记将抗性基因定位于SSR15321和SSR07531之间,遗传距离为3.06 c M,物理距离为238 444 bp,可解释41.95%的表型变异。生物信息学分析表明在候选区段内包含有17个候选基因,其中Cucsa.275630为TIR-NBS-LRR类基因。【结论】本研究将黄瓜白粉病抗性基因精细定位到约238 kb的候选区段内,区段内包含有一个TIR-NBS-LRR基因,该基因将是今后研究的重点候选基因。     

海参捕捞装置导航中低成本陀螺仪的降噪研究与试验

针对MEMS陀螺仪输出信号中含有的随机漂移噪声造成海参捕捞装置惯性导航精度明显下降的问题,采用时间序列分析法和Kalman滤波算法,对MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移噪声的削减问题进行研究。以MEMS惯性测量单元的实测数据和三维电子罗盘测量的姿态角为样本,对本研究的低成本陀螺仪的降噪效果进行测试,试验结果表明:1)经过降噪处理后的陀螺仪随机漂移信号的方差比陀螺仪原始采样信号的方差降低1个数量级,显著改善了陀螺仪随机漂移数据的精密度;2)以高精度三维电子罗盘实测的姿态角作为参考基准,将降噪后的陀螺仪随机漂移数据导入捷联惯导姿态更新算法程序,在300s时间内,解算出的俯仰角、横滚角和航向角的均方根误差RMSE全部小于1°;与降噪前相比,相应的俯仰角、横滚角、航向角的RMSE分别降低了170.5、97.6和42.5倍,明显提高了惯性导航精度。     

苯甲.嘧菌酯对几种作物炭疽病防效、安全性及品质的影响

为筛选高效、安全的防治炭疽病新药剂,通过田间试验进行新药剂筛选。试验结果表明,在药后的7天和14天,苯甲.嘧菌酯对苦瓜炭疽病的防效最好。与之相比较,在草莓和黄瓜上的防效也较为理想。研究表明,苯甲.嘧菌酯防治炭疽病效果良好、持效期长,是防治草莓、苦瓜、黄瓜炭疽病的理想药剂,同时,还能防治草莓病害、提高产量、改善草莓品质。生产上建议的使用剂量为450~600ml.hm-2。     

不同育苗基质对黄瓜生长及丛枝菌根真菌侵染的影响

为探讨丛枝菌根真菌在蔬菜育苗上应用的可能性,以黄瓜为供试作物进行适用育苗基质的筛选,研究其对菌根真菌侵染和作物苗期生长的影响。试验以Glomus etunicatum、Glomus intraradics、Glomu mosseae为供试菌根真菌,采用4种基质配方：分别是陶粒+珍珠岩+蛭石（4:3:3）、(陶粒+珍珠岩+蛭石)+草炭=9:1、(陶粒+珍珠岩+蛭石)+保水剂（9:1）、蛭石+保水剂（1:1）。结果表明：接种3种菌剂后,蛭石+保水剂处理侵染率显著最低在10%以下,其余3种基质处理侵染率均高于22.61%,尤其是接种G.intraradics后黄瓜幼苗根系侵染率最低为87%。黄瓜幼苗在(陶粒+珍珠岩+蛭石)+草炭处理中壮苗指数显著高于其余3种基质处理;(陶粒+珍珠岩+蛭石)+草炭既获得了较高的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率又提高了幼苗壮苗指数,为菌根化苗培育的理想基质。