枸杞炭疽病生防菌株筛选、生物功能测定及防治效果

为研发对枸杞炭疽病有良好防治效果的生防制剂，利用枸杞炭疽病菌Colletotrichum acutatum对实验室已分离保存的芽胞杆菌菌株进行室内筛选，并对拮抗效果较好的菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定、病原菌孢子萌发抑制试验、生物学功能测定、稳定性测定、抑菌谱测定以及室内离体防治效果试验和田间防治效果试验。结果表明，菌株F3A对枸杞炭疽病菌有较好的拮抗作用，对枸杞炭疽病菌菌丝的抑制率为62.13%；结合形态学特征、16S rDNA以及gyrA基因序列分析，将菌株F3A鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis；菌株F3A具有溶解有机磷和无机磷的能力，在含色氨酸和不含色氨酸的金氏培养液中产吲哚乙酸量分别为5.76 mg/L和5.74 mg/L；菌株F3A产蛋白酶和葡聚糖酶的活性较高；菌株F3A连续培养20代后，对枸杞炭疽病菌的抑制率为61.21%，该菌对棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vesinfectum、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜枯萎病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、番茄叶霉病菌Cladosporium fulvum、茄子菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和黄芪根腐病菌F.solani的抑制率分别为40.71%、53.58%、32.00%、53.00%、79.27%、71.13%和66.08%；菌株F3A发酵液的保护作用明显优于治疗作用，菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液室内预防效果为90.32%；喷施菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液3 d和7 d后的田间防治效果分别为78.26%和63.19%。表明菌株F3A有作为开发枸杞炭疽病生物农药的潜力。     

毛头鬼伞生物学特性与杀线虫作用的关系

毛头鬼伞Coprinuscomatus，又名鸡腿菇、鸡腿蘑等，隶属真菌门、鬼伞属真菌。该菌肉质肥厚嫩白，鲜美可口。营养丰富，是一种诱人的美味食品。除此之外，该菌还具有独特的医疗保健功效，其味甘性平，有益脾健胃、清神宁智、助消化、增进食欲、治疗痔疮、降低血糖等多种药用功能阻引，是一种极具商业潜能的食药兼用真菌。     

Re-test of Rhinocyllus conicus host specificity, and the prediction of ecological risk in biological control

Biological control is proposed as an ecological strategy to manage the threat of invasive plants, especially in natural areas. To pursue this strategy, we need to know that the host specificity criteria used to evaluate ecological risk with deliberate introduction of an exotic insect for biocontrol are sufficient to predict potential impact on native species. Host specificity is defined by adult feeding and oviposition preferences and larval development. One way to evaluate the criteria is to re-examine case histories where ecological effects are recorded, such as that of Rhinocyllus conicus Frölich. This flower head weevil, released in North America in 1968 to control exotic thistles like Musk thistle (Carduus nutans L), is now reducing seed production by multiple native North American thistle species (Cirsium spp.), and local population density of Platte thistle (Cirsium canescens Nutt.). We hypothesized that host specificity of R. conicus has changed since pre-release testing, providing an explanation for the unexpected magnitude of the documented ecological effects. Instead, when we re-tested host specificity of weevils naturalized over 28 generations, we found that host specificity has not changed. Naturalized adults of R. conicus showed strong feeding and oviposition preference for Musk thistle over Platte thistle. In addition, larval development by these weevils was faster and more successful (to larger size) on Musk thistle than on Platte thistle. Thus, our results indicate that a change in host specificity cannot explain the unexpectedly large build-up of R. conicus and significant ecological effect on Platte thistle. We conclude that accurate prediction of the potential level of impact on native host plants in the field requires further ecological information in addition to host specificity.     

酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

该文对酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究现状进行了综述，其中包括防治效果、防治机理、防治的优势及最新研究成果。许多酵母菌对果蔬采后病害具有明显的抑制作用，酵母菌抑制霉菌的机理主要在于营养与空间的竞争、对病原菌的直接寄生作用及诱导寄主产生抗病性。酵母菌与其它生防微生物相比，具有拮抗效果好、不产生毒素、可以和化学杀菌剂共同使用等优点。使用生物工程技术改造拮抗酵母菌从而提高其生防效果，是酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治的最新研究领域。该文还指出了酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治存在的问题，并对未来的研究提出了新的思路。     

Harnessing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Beyond Nature: A Review

Root-associated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) interact with the plant roots and influence plant health and soil fertility. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria play an important role in plant growth by exerting various mechanisms such as biological nitrogen fixation, growth hormone production, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, hydrolytic enzyme production, antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens etc. Hence, these are employed as inoculants for biofertilizer and biocontrol activities. This review summarizes various mechanisms of PGPR and their potential for use as inoculants. It shows that their use is a worthwhile approach for exploring disease management in conjunction with other strategies.     

施用生物有机肥抑制香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的研究

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense(FOC). In this study a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different bio-organic fertilizers(BIOs) on Fusarium wilt of banana, including the investigations of disease incidence, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of banana plants, and FOC populations as well as soil rhizosphere microbial community. Five fertilization treatments were considered, including chemical fertilizer containing the same N, P and K concentrations as the BIO(control), and matured compost mixed with antagonists Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 and Trichoderma harzianum T37(BIO1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N6(BIO2), Bacillus subtilis N11(BIO3), and the combination of N6 and N11(BIO4). The results indicated that the application of BIOs significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 80% compared with the control. BIOs also significantly promoted plant growth, and increased chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase activities by 55%–65% and 17.3%–120.1%, respectively, in the banana roots. The population of FOC in the rhizosphere soil was decreased significantly to about 104 colony forming units g-1with treatment of BIOs. Serial dilution plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the application of BIOs increased the densities of bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the number of fungi in the rhizosphere soil. In general, the application of BIOs revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana plants.     

Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture

Currently, plant diseases and insect infestations are mainly controlled by the extraneous application of pesticides. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of such agrochemicals can cause ecological and environmental problems, as well as human health hazards. To obviate the potential pollution arising from the application of agrochemicals, biological control of soilborne pathogens or insect pests using antagonistic microorganisms may be employed. Certain soil bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and insects possess the unique ability to produce hydrogen cyanide(HCN), which plays an important role in the biotic interactions of those organisms. In particular, cyanogenic bacteria have been found to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic fungi, weeds, insects, termites and nematodes. Thus, the use of HCN-producing bacteria as biopesticides offers an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture. The enzyme, HCN synthase,involved in the synthesis of HCN, is encoded by the hcnABC gene cluster. The biosynthetic regulation of HCN, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins through the conserved global regulatory GacS/GacA system is elaborated in this review, including approaches that may optimize cyanogenesis for enhanced pest control. In addition, the effects of bacterially synthesized HCN on the production of indole acetic acid, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase utilization and phosphate solubilization may result in the stimulation of plant growth. A more detailed understanding of HCN biosynthesis and regulation may help to elaborate the precise role of this compound in biotic interactions and sustainable agriculture.     

Alternative treatments for late blight control in organic potato: Antagonistic micro-organisms and compost extracts for activity againstPhytophthora infestans

Summary The effects of various fungi, bacteria and different compost extracts on foliar infection of potato (Solatium tuberosum) withPhytophthora infestans were tested in detached leaf bioassays in 2001–2003. Application of microorganism inocula and compost extracts as well as copper oxychloride to excised leaves resulted in different degrees of blight control. In general, suppression of blight lesion growth was not improved by applying the antagonists before the leaves were inoculated withPhytophthora spores. There was some evidence that extracts made from different compost feed stocks of different ages suppressed leaflet infection with blight. However, results were very limited and inconsistent. Moreover, the effects were much smaller than where copper oxychloride was used. Improved efficacy of acceptable alternatives to copper fungicides especially in organic farming is required. No promising effective alternative to the use of copper fungicides to reduce late blight infection in organic potato production systems was identified in the experiments.     

天津地区草坪草褐斑病菌生物学特性及生物防治

以纯化的草坪褐斑病病原RH2 Rhizoctonia solani为试验菌株,对其生长的温度、pH值、碳源等生物学特性进行研究,并针对目前化学药剂频繁使用的现状,对生产上经常使用的生防药剂进行室内筛选。生物学特性研究表明：褐斑病菌生长适宜温度约30 ℃,适宜pH值6.5～7.5,适宜碳源为蔗糖、可溶性淀粉或乳糖。室内7种生防药剂筛选表明：尼索和特立克的抑菌效果最好,盆栽防治试验结果表明,尼索1 500倍处理防效为72.51％,特立克600倍防效为76.94％。     

植物根际拮抗线虫的细菌筛选

从北京22个菜区的27种蔬菜植物根表和根际土壤中分离出883个细菌分离物,在营养琼脂培养基(NA)平板上检测对目标线虫 Panagrellus redivivus 的致死率,得到10个最有效菌株,它们在接种24h 后(22℃下)对该线虫的致死率均在90%以上。这10个有效菌株对植物寄生线虫有很强的拮抗作用,在 NA 平板上仅6h 后就使北方根结线虫二龄幼虫、Xiphinemathornei,Trichodorus pakistanensis,Scutellonema clathricaudatum 和 Criconemoides profuses 的致死率达100%。在营养肉质培养基(NB)中培养48h 后的滤液及其2倍、6倍、和10倍的稀释液对根结线虫二龄幼虫有显著的致死作用。用10~9cfu·mL~(-1)的细菌悬浮液浸根后显著降低番茄的根结指数,防效达35%～82.1%。经鉴定.这10个有效菌株中8个属芽孢杆菌(Bacillusspp.),2个为不动细菌(Acinebacter spp.)。