微生物显色法快速检测水产品中恩诺沙星残留

针对水产品中恩诺沙星残留,通过筛选药物敏感菌株和显色剂,建立了一种基于显色反应来判断结果的微生物检测方法.以腾黄八叠球菌(Sarcina ureae)为指示菌株,以氯化三苯四氮唑显色为显色剂,阳性样品呈肉眼可辨的红色,阴性样品呈无色,最低检测限可达50 μg/kg.经酶联免疫法(最低检测限可达12 μg/kg,回收率在74.25%～93.38%之间)和高效液相色谱法(最低检测限可达5.0 μg/kg,回收率在78.20%～91.27%之间)验证,该方法准确、可靠.不同于传统的方法,该方法更为快速、便捷、易于结果判定,是对现有检测方法的一种有益的补充和完善,极其适合在生产、销售、流通等非实验室条件下作为初筛方法使用.     

恩诺沙星注射液在猪体内的残留消除研究

为研究恩诺沙星在猪体内的残留消除规律,验证休药期,以2.5 mg/kg体重肌内注射10%恩诺沙星注射液,每日2次,连续3 d。在最后一次给药后0、3、5、7、10 d时间点,采集肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪和注射部位肌肉,HPLC法测定组织中的恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星的残留量,并用WT1.4软件计算休药期。结果显示,恩诺沙星在猪肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪和注射部位肌肉的休药期分别是5.6、13.4、8.2、3.0、5.5 d。为保证兽药使用安全、消费者健康和食品安全,推荐恩诺沙星注射液在猪的休药期为14 d。     

Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in Takifugu flavidus after oral administration at three salinity levels

The present study was designed to explore the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Takifugu flavidus at different salinity levels (10‰, 20‰ and 30‰). The concentrations of enrofloxacin in plasma and tissues (kidney, liver and muscle) of T. flavidus after a single oral dose of 10 mg kg^?1 were simultaneously determined using HPLC. The parameters of pharmacokinetics were calculated using non‐compartmental model based on statistic moment theory. The peak concentrations of enrofloxacin were higher and T_max values in plasma, liver and muscle tissues of T. flavidus were lower at the salinity of 20‰ and 30‰ than that of 10‰, except the kidney tissue. These demonstrated the absorption of enrofloxacin was more quickly and more quantity at the high salinity. The elimination half‐life (t_1/2z) of enrofloxacin in the plasma (45.22, 69.91 and 95.45 h) was increasing with the increase in salinity. And the t_1/2z values of enrofloxacin in liver (76.44, 44.21 and 33.48 h) and kidney (212.16, 157.43 and 35.61 h) both decline with the increase in salinity, indicating the elimination of enrofloxacin was faster in liver and kidney but slower in plasma at the high salinity. The content of enrofloxacin in liver was increasing with the increase in salinity, suggesting that salinity affects tissue distribution and metabolism in T. flavidus. In addition, the AUC_0–∞ data of enrofloxacin (kidney > plasma > liver > muscle) at different salinity levels were essentially consistent, and AUC_0–∞ data of kidney were declined with the increase in salinity, supporting that the kidney was the main organ and the role of extent of kidney on excretion was different in different salinity levels.     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在拟穴青蟹体内的药代动力学

采用高效液相色谱法,研究盐度33条件下恩诺沙星口灌和肌肉注射给药(剂量10 mg/kg)后,恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在拟穴青蟹体内的药代动力学和组织分布。血淋巴和组织中药代动力学参数采用基于统计矩原理的非房室模型进行计算。恩诺沙星口灌和肌肉注射拟穴青蟹给药后,血药达峰快,分别为0.5 h和1 min,达峰浓度分别为12.90和31.86 μg/mL,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为216.1和816.8 μg/(mL·h)。恩诺沙星在拟穴青蟹组织中分布较广,口灌给药下肌肉和肝胰腺AUC分别为445.9和817.6 μg/(g·h),肌肉注射给药下的AUC分别为554.7和2 573.7 μg/(g·h)。与其它水产动物相比,恩诺沙星在拟穴青蟹体内消除速度为中等水平,口灌和肌肉注射恩诺沙星后血药消除半衰期(t_1/2z)分别为26.45和57.02 h,总体清除率(CL_z)分别为0.054和0.012 L/(h·kg)。恩诺沙星在拟穴青蟹体内代谢生成环丙沙星的量较少,口灌给药下血淋巴、肌肉和肝胰腺的AUC_CIP/AUC_ENR分别为6.66%、3.66%和4.78%,肌肉注射给药下,其相应值分别为4.16%、7.24%和1.48%,在拟穴青蟹体内起药效作用仍是以恩诺沙星为主。以C_max/MIC、AUC_0-24/MIC评价恩诺沙星在青蟹体内的药效作用,建议给拟穴青蟹以10 mg/kg剂量每隔24小时投喂一次恩诺沙星,对弧菌引起的细菌性疾病具有较好的防治效果。     

恩诺沙星对隆腺蚤(Daphnia Carinata)的急性活动抑制毒性测定

恩诺沙星是在畜禽养殖业中得到广泛应用的抗菌药物。以隆腺蚤(DaphniaCarinata)为试验对象,测定了恩诺沙星对隆腺蚤的急性毒性。结果表明,25℃时,24h恩诺沙星对隆腺蚤的最大不致死浓度为1μg·mL-1,使隆腺蚤全部死亡的最低浓度为120μg·mL-1;恩诺沙星在24h、48h时对隆腺蚤的EC50分别为34.03μg·mL-1和19.37μg·mL-1。48h时,恩诺沙星对隆腺蚤的LC50为25.86μg·mL-1。依据蚤类急性活动抑制毒性分级标准,恩诺沙星对于隆腺蚤属于中毒性化合物。     

异育银鲫肝微粒体体外恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶酶促反应动力学初步研究

建立了异育银鲫肝微粒体体外孵育恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,EF)的酶促反应体系,应用RP-HPLC法检测其主要代谢产物环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CF),以间接反映恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶的活性。采用二氯甲烷提取、正已烷去脂提取有效成分,样品回收率均大于81.4%,含CF或EF的肝微粒体样品能在4℃下稳定至少72 h,日内变异系数不超过3.51%,日间变异系数不超过3.71%,EF和CF准确度分别小于8.1%、6.5%,检测限(信超比为3)分别为0.15μmol/L、0.3μmol/L。恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中代谢符合一级消除方程C=140e-0.072t,消除速率常数(K)为0.072/h,消除半衰期(T1/2)为9.627 h。用Origin Lab软件的Hyperbl模型进行拟和,以方程y=P1.x/(P2+x)表示米氏常数Vmax、Km两者的关系,求得Vmax为0.2602±0.0147nmol/mg.min,Km为53.8985±10.2257μmol/L,内在清除率(Clint)约为0.0048 mL/(min.mg)。恩诺沙星消除率和环丙沙星转化率的研究结果提示,恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中的代谢以N-脱乙基反应为主,提示可能还通过其它途径生成另外代谢产物。而酶动力学研究数据(Vmax,Clint值)表明,恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶与底物结合力不强,酶促反应强度处于中等水平。据此,笔者推测恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中的代谢速度较为缓慢。     

Influence of chlorine,iodine, and citrate-based water sanitizers on the oral bioavailability of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to determine if the 3 most commonly used water sanitizers in commercial broiler chicken production affected the stability of enrofloxacin (ENR), when each was administered concurrently with ENR to broiler chickens via the drinking water. To that effect, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the solution of each ENR-sanitizer product (ESP) was compared to that of ENR alone. Also, bioavailability (F) studies of ESP were carried out in chickens and compared to the corresponding values of ENR in drinking water without sanitizer. Water sanitizers tested were iodine (as iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone), chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite), and a citrate-based sanitizer from grapefruit extract. They were mixed with ENR in sterile de-ionized water, and the resulting substances were regarded as ESP. Then, the referred studies of ESP were carried out. Results showed that ESP of ENR/sodium hypochlorite decreased both the antimicrobial activity, as well as maximum serum concentration (C_max) and F of ENR in chickens. ESP of ENR/citrate-based sanitizer increased both the in vitro antimicrobial activity and C_max and F values of ENR at the 2 highest concentrations tested. ESP of ENR/iodine reduced both in vitro antimicrobial activity and C_max values of ENR at the highest concentrations tested. This study demonstrated that interactions between water sanitizers and ENR must be considered when medicating chickens via the drinking water to meet pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ratios. The use of a citrate-based sanitizer is recommended, as relative F was increased.     

恩诺沙星与硫酸粘菌素联合抗菌活性的研究

为了考察恩诺沙星与硫酸粘菌素的联合抗菌活性,对恩诺沙星和硫酸粘菌素单一药物和联合使用分别对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌以及金黄葡萄球菌进行药物敏感性试验;结果：恩诺沙星对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为：0．755,0．755,0．377,1．509μg／mL;硫酸粘菌素对以上4种菌的MIC值分别为：0．375,0．375,0．375,50μg/mL;联合应用对上述4种菌的FIC指数分别为0．125,0．188,0．375和0．75。结果显示大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌及巴氏杆菌对恩诺沙星与硫酸粘菌素联用的FIC指数均小于0．5,表现为协同作用;金黄葡萄球菌为相加作用：通过2药物按一定比例配制的复方制剂与恩诺沙星单方制剂进行比较试验,复方制剂其抑菌效能明显高于单方。     

三种兽用氟喹诺酮类药物对人工诱发鸡霍乱的疗效比较

采用试管肉汤两部类法,测得恩诺沙星、单诺沙星脑二氟沙星对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度分别是０．０５、０．２及０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ,按５ｍｇ／ｋｇ的剂量,分别给人工诱发霍乱病鸡内服恩诺沙星、单诺沙星脏一氟沙星,每１２ｈ给药１次,连续３ｄ,这些药物对鸡霍乱的治愈率分别为９６．７％、８３．３％及８３．３％。而感染对照鸡的死亡率为１００％。     

RP-HPLC法测定中华绒螯蟹主要组织中的恩诺沙星及其代谢产物

建立了反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定中华绒螯蟹肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢组织内的恩诺沙星、环丙沙星含量。结果表明,恩诺沙星和环丙沙星在四种组织中的平均回收率分别为70.5%±12.61%,70.25%±14.73%;日内精密度分别为3.27%±0.84%,2.14%±0.68%;日间精密度分别为5.38%±2.46%,3.48%±1.16%。恩诺沙星、环丙沙星的最低检测限分别为0.02μg/g和0.004μg/g。以10 mg/kg蟹体重剂量单次肌肉注射给药后,恩诺沙星在中华绒螯蟹肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢内的Tmax,Cmax分别为:1 h,4.323±0.56μg/g;1 h,6.042±0.72μg/g;3 h,2.381±0.43μg/g;3 h,2.101±0.29μg/g,各组织的药物消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为:45.186 h,73.93 h,45.577 h,38.081 h。各组织中均能检测到环丙沙星,但含量均处较低水平,且代谢和消除起伏波动较大。本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适合于中华绒螯蟹组织中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星含量分析。