Pesticide toxicity using protozoans as test organisms

Summary A toxicity test using protozoa as test organisms was devised for pesticides. Two different methods were used, the most probable number method and the absorbance method (based on measurement of protozoa growth through absorbance). The ciliates Colpoda cucullus and Blepharisma undulans and the flagellate Oikomonas termo were isolated from different biological starter cultures and tested with the herbicides Chlorex, MCPA, dichlorprop and Matrigon, the fungicide Benlate, and the insecticide Sumicidin. The protozoans showed quite different sensitivities to the pesticides, using 9-h lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₁₀) as criteria. The 9-h LC₅₀ (concentration at which 50% of the protozeon population has died after 9 h of incubation) ranged from 0.7 ppm for Benlate to 40000 ppm for Chlorex. The usual soil application rates of Chlorex, MCPA, and Benlate were toxic to some of the organisms.     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach

Summary The aim of this study was to provide manageable data to help establish permissible limits for the pollution of soil by heavy metals. Therefore the short-and long-term effects of heavy metal pollution on phosphatase activity was studied in five different soil types. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. It was possible to construct a curve for sand and silty loam soil but it was more difficult to establish a curve for sandy loam and clay soil and nearly impossible (except for Cu) for peat. The toxicity of the various metals can be compared on the basis of mmol values. In clay soils, for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, the 50% effective ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were comparable (approximately 45 mmol kg^–1), but the ED₁₀ values were very different, at 7.4, 41.4, 15.1, and 0.55, respectively. At the ED₅₀ value, toxicity did not decrease with time and, in sandy soils, was approximately 2.6 mmol kg ^–1 dry soil for Cd, Cu, and Zn. In four out of five soils, the Cd toxicity was higher 1.5 years after the addition of heavy metal salts than after 6 weeks. Toxicity was least in the sandy loam, silty loam, and clay soil, and varied in general between 12 and 88 mmol kg^–1. In setting limits, the criteria selected (no-effect level, ED₁₀ or ED₅₀) determine the concentration and also the toxicity of the sequence. It is suggested that the data presented here could be very useful in helping to set permissible limits for heavy metal soil pollution.     

基于1:5万数据库研究土壤空间分异及其影响因素——以江苏省无锡和常州市为例

土壤数据库在土壤学研究工作中作为一种存储、分析工具的重要性是不言而喻的.本研究利用ArcGIS和Visual FoxPro建立了包括8 830个图斑、269个土壤剖面数据的无锡和常州市1：5万土壤数据库,根据“土壤质量演变规律与持续利用‘973＇项目”的土壤肥力质量指标（pH、速效磷和速效钾）和全国养分分级标准（全氮）编制出土壤表层（0～15 cm）pH、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间分异图,从中表明pH 1～2级的土壤占整个研究区面积90%左右;土壤养分全氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间分布有明显共同特征-太滆平田区养分含量要显著高于其他地区.对不同母质和不同土壤类型（亚类级别）间的土壤表层容重、粘粒、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾进行了方差分析,结果显示,除全氮之外,其他属性均有显著差异.在1：5万尺度范围内,成土母质对pH、容重、全磷、有机质和速效钾起到主导作用,土壤类型对pH起到主导作用,成土母质对土壤属性的影响程度要大于土壤类型.     

基于RAdam卷积神经网络的水稻生育期图像识别

为了解决现阶段水稻发育期信息的获取主要依靠人工观测的效率低、主观性强等问题,该研究提出一种基于Rectified Adam(RAdam)优化器的ResNet50卷积神经网络图像识别方法,开展水稻关键生育期的自动识别。连续2a对12块试验田的水稻物候特征进行持续自动拍摄,对采集的水稻图像进行预处理,得到水稻各发育期分类图像数据集;采用ExG因子和大津法(Otsu)算法相结合的方法对水稻图像分割,减小稻田背景干扰;对比分析了VGG16、VGG19、ResNet50和Inception v3四种模型下水稻生育期图像分级识别的性能,选取性能较优网络模型并进行了网络参数调优;对比试验了不同优化器下模型准确率和损失值的变化,选取了RAdam优化器。结果表明,采取基于RAdam优化器卷积神经网络构建的模型,在真实场景下分类识别准确率达到97.33%,网络稳定性高、收敛速度快,为水稻生育期自动化观测提供了有效方法。     

副猪嗜血杆菌感染豚鼠试验及在其体内的分布

为了评估副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis)对豚鼠的毒力以及在豚鼠组织器官的分布,作者采用改进的寇氏法测定了H.parasuis血清5型标准株对豚鼠的LD50,以1 LD50剂量经鼻腔、气管、肺、腹腔、肌肉和皮下接种感染豚鼠,比较不同途径感染H.parasuis对豚鼠致病性的差异;以1 LD50剂量气管接种豚鼠,接种后在不同时间取豚鼠的脑、心、肝、肺、脾和肾组织,制作石蜡切片,用免疫组化技术检测H.parasuis在豚鼠上述组织的分布.结果显示该H.parasuis血清5型标准株的LD50为1.33×109 CFU,LD50的95%可信限范围为1.35×109～1.30×109 CFU;感染试验结果显示,气管、肺和腹腔3个接种途径试验组豚鼠出现了4/8、2/8和5/8的死亡;在气管感染豚鼠6 h后,首先在肺脏组织呈现阳性结果,在感染8 h后,上述组织中都出现了阳性结果.结果表明气管、肺、腹腔和肌肉4个途径都可以使H.parasuis对豚鼠致病,免疫组化检测并结合细菌分离结果表明H.parasuis感染后能侵染肺、心、肝、脾和肾组织,并能突破血一脑屏障而侵染脑组织.     

猪链球菌耐药性产生对其毒力的影响

为探讨猪链球菌2型菌株耐药性产生对其毒力的影响,作者采用次抑菌浓度的青霉素和红霉素诱导猪链球菌2型临床分离敏感株HA9801成为青霉素、红霉素耐药株,并对亲本株与诱导耐药株的半数致死量（LD50）、溶血环、毒力因子溶菌酶释放蛋白（MRP）、胞外蛋白因子（EF）和荚膜多糖（CPS）及对小鼠的组织损伤进行比较。结果显示：次抑菌浓度的红霉素和青霉素可以诱导耐药性的产生,但耐药株与亲本株比较,溶血性、LD50、MRP、CPS、EF及对组织的损伤程度均与亲本株无显著差异（P〈0．05）。结果表明：猪链球菌2型HA9801株在获得耐药性的同时,仍能保持与亲本株相似的毒力,其毒力不会因耐药性的获得而降低。     

小麦种子对二甲四氯敏感性的测定

以小麦为试材,测定了二甲四氯对小麦种子芽长、根长和鲜重的抑制作用。结果表明:二甲四氯对小麦种子芽长的72 hEC50为798.28 mg/kg;二甲四氯对小麦种子芽长、根长和鲜重的抑制作用之间存在极显著差异。     

应用Logistic方程确定花椒枝条低温半致死温度

以一年生休眠枝条为材料,对3个品种的花椒进行了电解质外渗率测定,应用Logistic方程建立回归模型;确定半致死温度在-20.20～17.07℃之间,并且抗寒性顺序从小到大依次为油椒、秦安一号、大红袍;相关系数介于0.9541～0.9902之间,表明不同低温和低温持续时间的电解质外渗率遵循Logistic方程的变化规律,且与半致死温度呈线性关系。     

氟化钠对雏鸡半数致死量的测定

为弄清氟对禽类的毒性影响,选用1日龄罗曼褐蛋鸡56只,随机分为7组,每组8只,经饮水添加不同量的氟化钠,1次性灌喂,观察7d内动物中毒死亡情况,计算LD50等指标。结果：急性LD50及其95％可信限分别为960．48mg／kg,594．72～1326．24mg／kg。结论：鸡对氟的耐受量较大,禽产品中氟残留量不容忽视,它可能危及人类健康。     

人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola)的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性研究

 近年来,炭疽属真菌(Colletotrichum spp.)引起的人参炭疽病,给人参生产造成了重大经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省栽培人参上的两种炭疽菌人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola),通过平板培养,测定了它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源、pH值和光照条件下的生物学特性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对14种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,两种炭疽菌的最适生长温度均为25 ℃,最适生长pH值均为7,光暗交替有利于两种菌的菌丝生长。其中,人参生炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为V8汁培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸钾;线列炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为PDA和PSA培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸铵;两种炭疽菌对13种药剂敏感,咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1。咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1,其中咯菌睛抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值均小于0.1 μg·mL^-1。两种炭疽菌对同一药剂的敏感性存在差异,线列炭疽菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性较高,EC₅₀值小于0.1 μg·mL^-1,而人参生炭疽菌对该药剂的敏感性相对较低(EC₅₀值高于200 μg·mL^-1)。该结果为人参炭疽病发病规律的研究及其田间有效防治奠定了基础。