四种中药对结肠小袋虫半数致死浓度的测定

利用机率单位法测定了常山、五倍子、乌梅和二花水提取物对结肠小袋虫的半数致死浓度.结果表明,常山、五倍子、乌梅和二花抗结肠小袋虫2h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别是13.40、12.22、19.02、43.34g/L;6 h的LC50分别是12.80、5.824、7.619、23.32 g/L;12 h的LC50分别是8....     

Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of selected insecticides on the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”.     

Effect of short term exposure of fenvalerate on biochemical and haematological responses in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings

Experiment was carried out to determine the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of fenvalerate to Labeo rohita fingerlings. After determining the LC₅₀ value of fenvalerate, a sub-lethal concentration (1/3rd of LC₅₀) of fenvalerate was exposed for 15 days. Significant alterations in SOD (P < 0.05) activity of liver and gill was observed due to fenvalerate. Catalase activity in gills of fishes was also affected significantly (P < 0.05). WBC, NBT and Hct values were reduced significantly in fenvalerate exposed fishes as compared to control group, whereas blood glucose level showed higher values in fenvalerate exposed group. Serum total protein and albumin were also reduced significantly as a result of fenvalerate exposure. Significant increase in the serum GOT, serum GPT, creatinine, triglyceride and serum ACP was noticed after 15 days of fenvalerate exposure. Results indicated that short term exposure of fenvalerate can induce biochemical and haematological alterations causing stress to L. rohita fingerlings.     

Copper in the terrestrial environment: Verification of a laboratory-derived terrestrial biotic ligand model to predict earthworm mortality with toxicity observed in field soils

This study was set up for validation of a regression model to predict mortality in the terrestrial earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa following exposure to copper. This model was derived from a terrestrial biotic ligand model and incorporates the protective effects of H⁺ and Na⁺ on copper toxicity.Three soil sets were used for the experiments, all of which had a different copper contamination history over more than 20 years and were considered to be aged field soils. The soils were characterized by analysis of various copper pools in the solid phase and in the pore water, analysis of physical and chemical soil properties and by regression analysis. Measured and calculated copper activities (expressed as pCu) correlated reasonably well. Measured copper activities correlated with the total copper concentration in the pore water and the pH. The organic matter in the solid phase had no influence on the pCu in these soil sets.Earthworms were exposed to the soils for 28 days, after which survival was scored. Observed earthworm mortality after 28-days exposure was plotted as a function of the log-transformed difference between predicted (log₁₀ transformed) LC50-values and measured values of pCu for validation of the regression model. The results obtained were in agreement with the assumption that mortality is to be observed in those soils where the predicted LC50 exceeds the measured pCu. However, a structural underestimation of toxicity was apparent, which is most likely due to mixture effects related to the presence of additional substances in field soils. Nevertheless, the trend of the results in the validation tests demonstrates that the newly developed toxicity model is a useful tool in predicting lethality of copper contamination to earthworms in field soils.     

OK-50特效吸油材料的性能研究

通过试验，将公司自主研发的特效吸油材料OK-50应用于不同的油品吸附中，研究其适用油品种类、吸油量和保油率，得出该材料吸油倍率高，保油率也较高，使用范围较为广泛，应用前景广阔。     

中兽药胃动力散的安全性研究

为提供胃动力散的安全性毒理学评价资料，采用改良Ｋａｒｂｅｒ法测定小鼠ＬＤ５０；以剂量递增法测定小鼠蓄积性和耐受性；分别以剂量２２３９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、８９６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、４４８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ为３个试验组，设阴性和阳性对照组进行小鼠骨髓微核试验；分别以剂量３６０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１８０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、９０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ为３个剂量组，设阴性和阳性对照组进行小鼠精子畸形试验，结果表明：其中ＬＤ５０为４４７７８ｍ     

短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的影响

为探明短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的影响,采用耐热能力测定方法,研究了亚洲玉米螟经6 h高温处理后的半数致死温度(LT50)、存活率以及不同高温下的半数致死时间(Lt50)。结果表明,经6 h高温处理后,亚洲玉米螟卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的LT50分别为40.24~40.44、38.59和42.84~44.54℃;当卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫分别在37、35、41和37℃时,其存活率与对照均无显著差异,而分别在39、37、43和39℃时,其存活率显著低于对照,卵、初孵幼虫、1日龄和3日龄成虫的短时高温阈值分别为37~39、35~37、41~43和37~39℃;当温度高于高温阈值时,卵、初孵幼虫和成虫的Lt50分别为0.38~6.31、0.22~8.35和3.80~24.15h,且雄成虫的Lt50小于雌成虫。研究表明,短时极端高温对亚洲玉米螟的存活率具有显著影响。     

杀灭松材线虫的高效药物筛选与毒性测定

为筛选出对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus具有高效快速杀灭作用的药物,采用线虫悬浮液 + 农药的直接触杀法,选择了22种药物处理松材线虫1 h,测定了对松材线虫的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）。结果表明：不同药物对松材线虫表现出不同的杀灭作用,供试的22种药物中,甲基阿维菌素（甲维盐）杀灭效果最好,1 h 半致死浓度仅为0.3 mg·L^－1;杀螟丹效果最差,1 h 半致死浓度达21 053 mg·L^－1。另外,苦参碱、抑太保、溴氰菊酯和阿维菌素等4种药物对松材线虫具有很强的毒杀作用,其1 h半致死浓度分别为1.2,2.5,4.2和4.5 mg·L^－1。甲维盐和阿维菌素能高效快速杀灭松材线虫;这些对松材线虫高效敏感药物的筛选成功,为开发树干注射剂防治松材线虫病提供了基础。图1表3参25     

BHT对6种植物病原真菌抑制作用的研究

为测定2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)的抑菌活性,采用生长速率法、悬滴法分别测定了该物质对6种植物病原真菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:该物质对所测6种病原真菌均具有一定的抑制作用,抑制菌丝生长的EC50在129.18~1113.85 mg·L-1之间,其中对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为129.18 mg·L-1;抑制孢子萌发的EC50在160.51~356.03 mg·L-1之间,其中对小麦叶枯的抑制率最高,EC50为160.51 mg·L-1。与4种常用药剂对小麦赤霉及番茄早疫病菌菌丝的抑制作用比较,BHT的抑制中浓度相对较大。     

假俭草体细胞抗寒突变体的获得及其SRAP分子鉴定

假俭草抗寒性差是限制其广泛应用的主要因素之一。本研究目标是以优良假俭草选系E-126为材料,经低温诱导和筛选获得体细胞抗寒突变体。结果表明,假俭草种子诱导的愈伤组织在继代培养的过程中,经0℃的低温条件下培养26 d,获得了2块存活的愈伤组织,该愈伤组织经过继代增殖后,进行分化、生根和移栽,获得株系1和株系2。苗期外部形态观察结果表明,假俭草低温诱导的株系1、株系2和对照在叶色、叶毛、叶长和叶宽上均没有显著性差异。半致死温度分析结果表明,株系1、株系2以及对照叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)分别为-6.646,-6.546和-5.351℃,处理与对照之间差异显著,且都低于对照,但株系1和株系2之间无显著性差异。SRAP的结果表明,假俭草低温诱导的株系1和株系2在110,230以及240 bp处均存在相同特征带,表明假俭草体细胞突变体植株的变异稳定且在分子水平与对照存在差异,但株系1和株系2无差异。因此,株系1和株系2可作为同一体细胞抗寒突变体株系加以利用。