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71.
German black headed mutton (GBM) ewes are recognized as being highly susceptible to ovine pregnancy toxemia (OPT). The present trial was performed to evaluate whether a breed-dependent gestational diabetes mellitus-like insulin resistance during late pregnancy might be responsible for the high incidence of OPT in the GBM breed. Modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (300 mg glucose and 0.03 IU insulin per kg of BW) were performed during mid and late pregnancy, the periparturient, and the dry period in polytocous 3.5-yr-old GBM and Finnish Landrace (FL) ewes fed according to their requirements. The corresponding blood samples were analyzed for plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB). In addition, the baseline plasma cortisol concentrations were determined during late pregnancy. The BW gain during pregnancy and the rearing success did not differ between the GBM and FL ewes. In both breeds, late pregnancy was associated with decreased basal plasma glucose concentrations and enhanced glucose disposal, as well as elevated baseline β-HB values. Only in the GBM ewes did the plasma NEFA concentrations increase significantly during advancing pregnancy. Moreover, significantly higher baseline plasma NEFA concentrations as well as lower (P < 0.05) basal plasma glucose values were recorded during late pregnancy in the GBM than in the FL ewes. The first-phase insulin secretion, the peripheral insulin sensitivity, and the baseline plasma cortisol values did not differ between both breeds during late pregnancy. It is concluded that increased lipolysis during late pregnancy is a characteristic of the GBM breed. Moreover, elevated plasma NEFA concentrations may contribute to impaired pancreatic insulin response and peripheral insulin resistance in GBM ewes and thus promote OPT. 相似文献
72.
73.
Ahmad Azizi-Moghadam 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2013,4(1):58-64
The synchronization and ovulatory responses of Sangsari cross bred ewes and metabolism of energy substrates in 8-cell stage embryos to hatched blastocysts stage produced in vitro or in vivo were investigated. Ewes were assigned randomly to receive 37.5 IU of porcine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P) daily for the 3 days preceding implant removal (Day 0). Synchronization of estrus was carried out using a 1.5 mg norgestomet (Crestar) ear implant for 12 days. Ewes in estrus were mated two to three times with rams of proven fertility. At the time of first mating each ewe was administered 1000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to induce ovulation. Surgical embryo recovery was performed on Days 4 and 6 after onset of estrus (Day 0) and recovered embryos were subjected to comparative metabolism studies with in vitro derived embryos at the same stage of development. The number of corpora lutea (CL), unovulated follicles and overall ovarian activity were recorded for each ewe during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. While the pattern of oxidation was similar among in vitro and in vivo derived embryos, a low pyruvate to lactate ratio was the preferred substrate of embryos derived in vitro. A high level of production of CO2 and lactate resulted from a stress response to the suboptimal culture environment. The first marked increase in the metabolism of glucose by ovine embryos was detected in compact morula stage, but there was no significant increase in the oxidation of glucose after the morula stage. Two different concentrations of glucose were compared, but this did not affect metabolism. However, the rate of incorporation and metabolism of glucose tended to be higher at the 0.56 mmol/L glucose dosage. 相似文献
74.
75.
[目的]为小球藻的高密度培养及开发高附加值代谢产物提供基础参数。[方法]从细胞生长、营养物质吸收、细胞生理生化特性等方面,研究小球藻自养、异养和混养特性。[结果]在异养和混养条件下小球藻生物量显著提高,最大生物量分别是自养时的3.2、4.0倍,对葡萄糖的吸收与生长状态相对应;在不同营养方式下细胞组分存在差别,在异养和混养条件下蛋白质和碳水化合物含量降低,但总脂含量增加;与自养相比,异养和混养时叶绿素含量降低,激发能在2个光合系统间的分配比PSII/PSI降低。[结论]混合培养在高密度高油脂含率小球藻培养方面具重要的应用前景。 相似文献
76.
AIM:To establish the animal model of insulinoma and to analyze the properties of insulinoma for further study. METHODS:The hormone-releasing ability of rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 was detected in vitro. INS-1 cells were transplanted into the left kidney capsule of nude mice. The islets of the animals were destroyed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) 3 d before transplantation or 2 weeks after transplantation. The venous blood was sampled, and the level of blood glucose less than 2.8 mmol/L was defined as successful establishment of insulinoma model. Different irritants were given to the model animals, and the changes of blood glucose and insulin content in serum were observed. The pancreatic tissues and the renal tissues in the injecting sites were taken from all mice for detecting insulin and glucagon by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS:Insulinoma cells expressed insulin and glucagon at the same time. The blood glucose was less than 2.8 mmol/L 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation of INS-1 cells. Apparent tumor formed in the left kidneys where INS-1 cells were transplanted and the tumor diameters were more than 1 cm. The level of blood glucose transiently increased to higher than the normal level in the mice with tumor cell transplantation after intraperitoneal injection of STZ, and then decreased gradually and returned to less than 2.8 mmol/L after 2 weeks. The level of blood glucose in the normal nude mice after administration of STZ increased significantly. After transplantation of INS-1 cells, the level of blood glucose decreased gradually, and returned to less than 2.8 mmol/L after 4 weeks. After stimulated with high glucose, the blood glucose levels in the mice with 3 methods to establish the insulinoma models showed lower glucose peaks than that in the normal control mice. After stimulated with high glucose plus arginine or acetylcholine in the normal animals, the blood glucose peak was lower than that in the normal animals only stimulated with high glucose, and rapidly recovered to the normal level. However, the levels of blood glucose in the mice with 3 methods to establish the insulinoma models under the same stimulations were significantly higher than that in the mice only stimulated with high glucose. After stimulated with high glucose plus norepinephrine, the blood glucose peak time in the normal animals delayed, and the blood glucose level declined slowly. After stimulated with high glucose plus norepinephrine, the levels of blood glucose in the mice with 3 methods to establish the insulinoma models increased as compared with that in the mice only stimulated with high glucose. Compared with normal control group, serum insulin in insulinoma mice increased significantly. CONCLUSION:The insulinoma animal model is successfully established by transplantation of INS-1 cells into the renal capsule of nude mice. The insulinoma cells express both insulin and glucagon, and are not easily damaged by STZ. 相似文献
77.
The response of the microbial community to changes in aeration status, from oxic to anoxic and from anoxic to oxic, was determined
in arable soil incubated in a continuous flow incubation apparatus. Soil incubated in permanently oxic (air) and/or anoxic
(O2-free N2) conditions was used as the control. Before experiments soil was preincubated for 6 days, then aeration status was changed
and glucose added. Glucose concentration, extractable C, CO2 production, microbial biomass, pH and redox potential were determined 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h after change of aeration
status. If oxic conditions were changed to anoxic, the amount of glucose consumed was reduced by about 60%, and CO2 production was 10 times lower at the end of incubation compared to the control (permanently oxic conditions). Microbial biomass
increased by 114% in glucose-amended soil but did not change in unamended soil. C immobilization prevailed over C mineralization.
Redox potential decreased from +627 mV to –306 mV. If anoxic conditions were changed to oxic, consumption of glucose and CO2 evolution significantly increased, compared to permanently anoxic conditions. Microbial biomass did not change in glucose-amended
soil, but decreased by 78% in unamended soil. C mineralization was accelerated. Redox potential increased from +238 to +541 mV.
The rate of glucose consumption was low in anoxic conditions if soil was incubated in pure N2 but increased significantly when incubation was carried out in a CO2/N2 mixture.
Received: 6 January 1999 相似文献
78.
The critical S concentration and S requirement of the soil microbial biomass of a granitic regosol was examined. S was applied
at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 μg S as MgSO4·7H2O, together with either 3000 μg glucose-C or 3333 μg cellulose-C, 400 μg N, and 200 μg P g –1 soil and 200 μg K g–1 soil. Microbial biomass, inorganic SO4
2–-S, and CO2 emission were monitored over 30 days during incubation at 25 °C. Both glucose and cellulose decomposition rates responded
positively to the S made available for microbial cell synthesis. The amounts of microbial biomass C and S increased with the
level of applied S up to 10 μg S g–1 soil and 30 μg S g–1 soil in the glucose- and cellulose-amended soil, respectively, and then declined. Incorporated S was found to be concentrated
within the microbial biomass or partially transformed into soil organic matter. The concentration of S in the microbial biomass
was higher in the cellulose- (4.8–14.2 mg g–1) than in the glucose-amended soil (3.7–10.9 mg g–1). The microbial biomass C:S ratio was higher in the glucose- (46–142 : 1) than in the cellulose-amended soil (36–115 : 1).
The critical S concentration in the microbial biomass (defined as that required to achieve 80% of the maximum synthesis of
microbial biomass C) was estimated to be 5.1 mg g–1 in the glucose- and 10.9 mg g–1 in the cellulose-amended soil. The minimum requirement of SO4
2–-S for microbial biomass formation was estimated to be 11 μg S g–1 soil and 21 μg S g–1 soil for glucose- and cellulose-amended soil, respectively. The highest levels of activity of the microbial biomass were
observed at the SO4
2–-S concentrations of 14 μg S g–1 soil and 17 μg S g–1 soil, for the glucose and cellulose amendments, respectively, and were approximately 31–54% higher during glucose than cellulose
decomposition.
Received: 20 October 1999 相似文献
79.
在红肉脐橙幼果期和着色前分2次喷施不同浓度的外源 ABA和 GA3,研究其对红肉脐橙果肉糖含量的影响。结果表明:10 mg/L ABA处理显著或极显著提高了果实成熟时的葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量,50 mg/L ABA处理极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,而100 mg/L ABA处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖含量;中低浓度的 GA3(10、50和250 mg/L)极显著提高了果实蔗糖含量,10 mg/L GA3处理对果实葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响,但极显著提高了果实总糖含量,50、250和500 mg/L GA3处理极显著降低了果实葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量。表明着色前较低浓度的外源 ABA处理(10和50 mg/L)可提高果实中一种或几种糖的含量,而较高浓度的 GA3处理(250和500 mg/L)则严重阻碍了果肉中糖的积累。 相似文献
80.
Chin-Chyuan Chang Zhi-Rong Wu Cheng-Shou Chen Ching-Ming Kuo Winton Cheng 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,270(1-4):333-342
Levels of glucose, lactate, pO2, pCO2, HCO3−, TCO2, Na+, K+, Cl−, protein, and oxyhemocyanin in the hemolymph and its osmolality and pH were measured when tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (13.5 ± 1.5 g body weight), were individually injected with saline or dopamine at 10− 8, 10− 7, or 10− 6 mol shrimp− 1. Results showed that hemolymph glucose, lactate, pCO2, HCO3−, and TCO2 values increased from 2 to 4 h; hemolymph osmolality, Na+, and total protein had increased at 2 h; and hemolymph K+ decreased from 2 to 8 h after the dopamine injection. All physiological parameters returned to the control values 4–16 h after receiving dopamine. The dopamine injection also significantly decreased the oxyhemocyanin/protein ratio of P. monodon which occurred at 2 h, resulting from an elevation of hemolymph protein and a slight decrease of oxyhemocyanin. These results suggest that stress-inducing dopamine caused a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, and the acid–base balance in P. monodon in adapting to this environmental stress. 相似文献