Lactogenic hormones stimulate expression of lipogenic genes but not glucose transporters in bovine mammary gland

During the onset of lactation, there is a dramatic increase in the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and a group of enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis in the bovine mammary gland. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the lactogenic hormones mediate both of these increases. Bovine mammary explants were cultured for 48, 72, or 96 h with the following hormone treatments: no hormone (control), IGF-I, insulin (Ins), Ins + hydrocortisone + ovine prolactin (InsHPrl), or Ins + hydrocortisone + prolactin + 17β-estradiol (InsHPrlE). The relative expression of β-casein, α-lactalbumin, sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBF1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACACA), stearyol-CoA desaturase (SCD), GLUT1, GLUT8, and GLUT12 were measured by real-time PCR. Exposure to the lactogenic hormone combinations InsHPrl and InsHPrlE for 96 h stimulated expression of β-casein and α-lactalbumin mRNA by several hundred-fold and also increased the expression of SREBF1, FASN, ACACA, and SCD genes in mammary explants (P < 0.01). However, those hormone combinations had no effect on GLUT1 or GLUT8 expression and inhibited GLUT12 expression by 50% after 72 h of treatment (P < 0.05). In separate experiments, the expression of GLUTs in the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 or in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells was not increased by lactogenic hormone treatments. Moreover, treatment of dairy cows with bovine prolactin had no effect on GLUT expression in the mammary gland. In conclusion, lactogenic hormones clearly stimulate expression of milk protein and lipogenic genes, but they do not appear to mediate the marked up-regulation of GLUT expression in the mammary gland during the onset of lactation.     

竹的纤维素提取·诱导和葡萄糖化的研究

[目的]以竹材为原料制备葡萄糖,为竹基生物资源的高效转化和利用提供有益的参考。[方法]采用热化学液化法提取竹纤维素、经乙酰化诱导、酸水解和精制等过程制备葡萄糖。[结果]产物通过1H NMR推定为α型和β型葡萄糖混合物(总收率为24.3%),酸水解反应的最佳温度应在100℃左右。[结论]该方法简单易行,可操作性强。     

喷施蔗糖对蓝莓叶片和果实中可溶性糖含量变化的影响

[目的]研究喷施蔗糖对蓝莓叶片和果实中可溶性糖含量变化的影响。[方法]以不同类型的2个蓝莓品种为试材,分析了喷施不同浓度(0.1%、0.5%和1.0%)的蔗糖溶液对蓝莓果实发育期叶片和果实中可溶性糖含量、组成的影响,并进行了相关性分析。[结果]在整个果实发育过程中(蓝丰:5月初～7月中旬;粉蓝:5月底～8月中旬),2品种叶片中可溶性糖总含量逐渐增加,但各个可溶性糖含量变化规律有所不同;2个品种果实成熟时期主要是积累葡萄糖和果糖为主,蔗糖含量很少,葡萄糖和果糖含量相当,并且随着果实的发育,各处理都可以不同程度地增加蓝莓果实的可溶性糖含量,其中喷施0.5%的蔗糖溶液增加最多;通过对各个处理叶片和果实可溶性糖含量的相关性分析可以看出,叶片和果实中可溶性糖含量显著相关。[结论]叶片喷施0.5%浓度的蔗糖对增加蓝莓果实中的糖度提高最多。     

木糖结晶母液发酵特性的研究

[目的]探讨木糖结晶母液发酵特性,为开发利用木糖结晶母液提供依据。[方法]利用酿酒活性干酵母,研究发酵过程中葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖含量的变化以及木糖结晶母液糖组分和含量的变化。[结果]在发酵2 d以后,葡萄糖与半乳糖全部被转化,而木糖与阿拉伯糖浓度几乎不变。半乳糖的转化速度慢于葡萄糖。木糖结晶母液经12 d的发酵,葡萄糖完全转化,木糖没有明显变化,而阿拉伯糖色谱峰有所变化。发酵前,木糖结晶母液中含4种糖,木糖占56.6%;发酵后,含2种糖,木糖占81.2%。[结论]发酵后,木糖结晶母液中糖组成由4种变成2种,木糖纯度得到了很大提高。     

The response of organic matter mineralisation to nutrient and substrate additions in sub-arctic soils

Global warming in the Arctic may alter decomposition rates in Arctic soils and therefore nutrient availability. In addition, changes in the length of the growing season may increase plant productivity and the rate of labile C input below ground. We carried out an experiment in which inorganic nutrients (NH₄NO₃ and NaPO₄) and organic substrates (glucose and glycine) were added to soils sampled from across the mountain birch forest-tundra heath ecotone in northern Sweden (organic and mineral soils from the forest, and organic soil only from the heath). Carbon dioxide production was then monitored continuously over the following 19 days. Neither inorganic N nor P additions substantially affected soil respiration rates when added separately. However, combined N and P additions stimulated microbial activity, with the response being greatest in the birch forest mineral soil (57% increase in CO₂ production compared with 26% in the heath soil and 8% in the birch forest organic soil). Therefore, mineralisation rates in these soils may be stimulated if the overall nutrient availability to microbes increases in response to global change, but N deposition alone is unlikely to enhance decomposition. Adding either, or both, glucose and glycine increased microbial respiration. Isotopic separation indicated that the mineralisation of native soil organic matter (SOM) was stimulated by glucose addition in the heath soil and the forest mineral soil, but not in the forest organic soil. These positive ‘priming’ effects were lost following N addition in forest mineral soil, and following both N and P additions in the heath soil. In order to meet enhanced microbial nutrient demand, increased inputs of labile C from plants could stimulate the mineralisation of SOM, with the soil C stocks in the tundra-heath potentially most vulnerable.     

Loss of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in H2O and 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts

Soil extracts are routinely used to quantify dissolved organic nutrient concentrations in soil. Here we studied the loss and transformation of low molecular weight (LMW) components of DOC (¹⁴C-glucose, 1 and 100 μM) and DON (¹⁴C-amino acid mixture, 1 and 100 μM) during extraction of soil (0-6 h) with either distilled water or 0.5 M K₂SO₄. The extractions were performed at 20 °C, at 4 °C, or in the presence of an inhibitor of microbial activity (HgCl₂ and Na-azide). We showed that both glucose and amino acids became progressively lost from solution with increasing shaking time. The greatest loss was observed in H₂O extracts at 1 μM for both substances (>90% loss after 15 min). Lower temperature (4 °C) and presence of K₂SO₄ both resulted in reduced loss rates. The presence of microbial inhibitors effectively eliminated the loss of glucose and amino acids. We conclude that microbial transformation of LMW-DOC and DON during H₂O or K₂SO₄ extraction of soil may affect the estimation of their concentrations in soil. This finding has significant implications for methods that rely on chemical extractions to estimate LMW-C components of DOC and DON.     

葡萄糖和不同数量氮素供给对黑土氨基糖动态的影响

通过室内培养实验探讨了葡萄糖及不同数量的NH4+施入对土壤中三种氨基糖(氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸)动态的影响,同时利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值探讨了微生物在养分固持过程中的相对贡献。结果表明,土壤氨基糖数量受到外加碳源和养分的显著影响,且其变化各有特征。胞壁酸受养分影响最为显著,可在一定程度上调节并平衡碳氮元素的供给与需求;氨基葡萄糖稳定性高于胞壁酸,但在碳源极度缺乏时也可分解;养分状况对氨基半乳糖的影响并不显著。碳源是促进土壤微生物氮素固持的关键因子,在活性碳源存在下,相对丰富的氮素供给有利于细菌的快速生长,而碳源相对充足时则有利于真菌的快速增殖。     

8个甘蔗品种比较试验

[目的]推广应用甘蔗优良品种以获得甘蔗高产、高效。[方法]在栽培条件一致的情况下,选择8个甘蔗品种在东方红农场进行比较试验,测定其农艺性状、产量、糖分、宿根性等指标。[结果]ROC22、台糖92-2668前期生长较快,后期茎长、茎重突出,产量较高,是参试品种中较优良的品种,但台糖92-2668后期虫节率高、糖分较低;ROC16糖分较高,在生产中加强水肥管理,其产量亦可显著提高,有一定的推广价值。[结论]该研究可为甘蔗良种在东方红农场的大面积推广应用提供科学依据。     

Comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions from rice hull

The study based on pretreatment, hydrolyzation and separation processes with the raw material rice hull, provides a comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from cellulose, silica (SiO₂), and byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O). The optimum hydrolysis conditions are as follows: the concentration of H₂SO₄ is 72% (wt.%), the temperature is 50 °C, the ratio of H₂SO₄ solution volume (mL) to the rice hull mass (g) is 10:1 and the time is 5 min, the glucose yield rate reaches 45.6% (wt.%). The concentration of glucose solution could be 0.1 g/mL after neutralization measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-VIS). Silica powder was below 50 nm characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate was featured by XRD and photographs.     

pH、葡萄糖以及金属离子对翘嘴红鮊精子活力的影响

[目的]为翘嘴红鲌人工繁殖中最佳受精激活介质的选择提供理论依据。[方法]采用平板载片法,研究了pH、葡萄糖和Na＋、K＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋等金属离子及河水、瀑气自来水、去离子水和蒸馏水对翘嘴红鮊精子活力的影响,探讨翘嘴红鮊精子在不同溶液中的活力变化。[结果]翘嘴红鮊精子活力受pH和葡萄糖、Na＋、K＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋浓度的影响。Na＋是激活翘嘴红鮊精子的主要因子。Mg2＋是抑制翘嘴红鮊精子活力的主要因子。4种水体中翘嘴红鮊精子活力的顺序依次为河水〉瀑气自来水〉去离子水〉蒸馏水。[结论]翘嘴红鮊人工授精的激活溶液宜采用河水配制,pH 8.5,且应含75 mmol/L Na＋、0.7 mmol/L K＋、3 mmol/L Ca2＋和1 g/L葡萄糖。