Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin‐6 Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs After Seizures

Background

Idiopathic and acquired epilepsy are common in dogs. Up to 30% of these dogs are refractory to pharmacological treatment. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that brain immune response and presence of inflammatory mediators decrease the threshold for individual seizures and contribute to epileptogenesis.

Hypothesis

Dogs with seizures have higher cerebrospinal interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations compared to dogs with no seizures.

Methods

A prospective double blinded study; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL‐6, TNF‐α and total protein (TP) concentrations were measured by a blinded investigator for the study group and CSF IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels and TP concentrations were measured in the control group (CG).

Animals

Dogs presented with seizures that had enough CSF collected to allow analysis were included in the study group. Twelve apparently healthy, quarantined, stray dogs served as control (CG).

Results

Cerebrospinal fluid TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher (P = .011, P = .039) in dogs with seizures (0 ± 70.66, 0.65 ± 10.93 pg/mL) compared to the CG (0 ± 19, 0.73 ± 0.55 pg/mL). When assessing cytokine concentrations of specifically the idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs compared to the CG, only TNF‐α concentrations (8.66 ± 62, 0 ± 19 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P = .01). CSF TP concentrations were not significantly higher in the study dogs compared to the CG.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Higher TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentration in the CSF of dogs with naturally occurring seizures. The higher supports the hypothesis that inflammatory processes through certain mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of seizures in dogs.     

Serum Adipokine Concentrations in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis

Background

Limited information is available about the role of adipokines in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs.

Objectives

To determine whether the circulating concentrations of adipokines differed between healthy dogs and dogs with AP, and whether the circulating concentrations differed between AP survivors and AP nonsurvivors.

Animals

Twenty‐eight healthy dogs and 25 client‐owned dogs with AP.

Methods

Prospective observational cohort study of 25 client‐owned dogs with newly diagnosed AP and 28 otherwise healthy dogs with similar body condition scores. The serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured.

Results

The serum concentrations of leptin (P = .0021), resistin (P = .0010), visfatin (P < .0001), IL‐1β (P < .0001), IL‐6 (P = .0002), IL‐10 (P < .0001), and IL‐18 (P < .0001) were significantly higher in dogs with AP than healthy dogs, whereas the adiponectin concentration (P = .0011) was significantly lower. There were significant differences in the serum concentrations of leptin (P = .028) and adiponectin (P = .046) in survivors and nonsurvivors. After the disappearance of clinical signs, the concentrations of resistin (P = .037) and IL‐1β (P = .027) decreased significantly, whereas the serum concentrations of leptin (P > .999), adiponectin (P = .11), visfatin (P = .83), IL‐6 (P = .82), IL‐10 (P = .82), IL‐18 (P = .56), and TNF‐α (P = .94) did not differ significantly.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

This study showed that dysregulation of adipokines might be involved in the pathogenesis of AP. In addition, leptin and adiponectin are likely to be associated with mortality rate in AP.     

表达猪白介素2基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫增强作用

以猪白介素2基因(pIL-2)为研究对象构建表达pIL-2的重组腺病毒,并研究其作为细胞因子佐剂的免疫增强作用。用RT-PCR的方法扩增pIL-2基因,将pIL-2基因克隆到腺病毒穿梭载体AdTrack中,构建出重组腺病毒穿梭质粒AdTrack-pIL-2,然后在大肠杆菌BJ5183内和骨架载体AdEasy同源重组,获得重组腺病毒骨架载体AdEasy-pIL-2,转染HEK293细胞,包装出重组腺病毒Ad-pIL-2,并通过兔体交互试验来检测Ad-pIL-2的免疫增强作用。经PCR、RT-PCR和Western blot检测,成功构建了Ad-pIL-2,病毒滴度可以达到108.25pfu/mL,并通过兔体交互免疫试验证明Ad-pIL-2可以提高兔的抗体水平。用腺病毒构建的Ad-pIL-2在兔体上具有免疫增强作用,为下一步的猪体试验研究和细胞因子佐剂的开发奠定基础。     

黄芪与红芪不同提取液免疫调节作用研究

[目的]对比研究黄芪和红芪不同提取液对细胞免疫调节作用的影响。[方法]以脂多糖(LPS)作为巨噬细胞激活的刺激剂,以地塞米松(DEX)作为巨噬细胞的免疫抑制剂,以NO作为巨噬细胞功能活动变化的指标,观察黄芪和红芪不同浓度提取物对激活状态、抑制状态以及正常状态下巨噬细胞分泌NO的影响。[结果]黄芪和红芪水提物均可激活正常巨噬细胞,且黄芪的效应强于红芪;对于10ng/ml的LPS激活巨噬细胞,两者水提物有进一步增强激活作用的效应;但其醇提物对于抑制状态巨噬细胞的作用不明显,而醇提后再水提的水提物仍有激活作用。[结论]黄芪和红芪的水溶性提取液中均具有增强巨噬细胞功能的有效成分,且黄芪作用较强。     

胡黄连单体ScrocaffesideA对小鼠细胞因子分泌影响的体外研究

[目的]研究ScrocaffesideA（SA）免疫调节活性,为新型免疫增强剂的开发提供试验依据。[方法]从西藏胡黄连的根茎中分离鉴定得到的单体E-咖啡酰基-6-（4-O-β—D一吡喃葡萄糖基）-E一咖啡酰基-O-β—D一吡喃葡萄糖苷,命名为ScrocaffesideA（SA）。通过用不同浓度的SA协同ConA体外刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞,采用双抗夹心ELISA法,检测细胞上清中细胞因子的分泌量。[结果]不同浓度SA协同ConA（5mg／L）与细胞作用24及48h后,在25和125mg／L浓度组显著上调了Th1细胞分泌的主要细胞因子IL-2、IL一12和IFN一1的分泌量;Th2细胞分泌的主要细胞因子IL-4和IL—10分泌量也显著升高,仅IL一10的分泌量在48h,SA浓度为125ms／L剂量时有所下降。[结论]SA能上调相关细胞因子的表达,具有免疫增强作用。     

鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭血清生化指标、细胞因子和病毒复制情况的影响(英文)

为了解鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)的致病性,试验以1×10~4EID_(50)的剂量DTMUV肌肉注射5日龄樱桃谷雏鸭,采用生化指标检测试剂盒对血清样品进行生化指标检测,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测排毒情况、组织载毒量和细胞因子的变化情况。结果表明,DTMUV对肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉组织都有严重损伤;DTMUV可以在肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、脑中增殖,并于攻毒后第5天在肝脏和脑中达到高峰,于攻毒后第9天后在肺脏和脾脏中达到高峰,且脑、肝脏、脾脏中病毒含量最高;攻毒后第1天DTMUV就可引起脾脏中γ干扰素(IFN γ)、α干扰素(IFN α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、β干扰素(IFN β)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、Toll样受体7(TLR-7)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ型(MHC-Ⅰ)、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ型(MHC-Ⅱ)细胞因子过渡表达,在脑中第1,2,3 d均引起促炎性细胞因子IL-6、IL-2的过度应答。     

补饲开食料对断奶前后牦牛犊牛生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响

旨在探讨补饲开食料对牦牛犊牛生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响。选取出生日龄、体质量相近、健康的大通牦牛犊牛（公）30头，随机等分为两组，对照组犊牛饲喂代乳粉和苜蓿干草，补饲组犊牛在对照组基础上补饲开食料，两组犊牛的干物质饲喂质量保持一致。分别在犊牛断奶前（160 日龄）和断奶后（230 日龄）进行屠宰，每组各屠宰5头，采取肝脏、胸腺和脾脏，观察各器官组织形态，测定分泌激素和细胞因子含量。结果表明：补饲开食料显著提高160日龄和230日龄犊牛平均日增质量。补饲开食料促进160日龄和230日龄犊牛肝细胞的发育；160日龄犊牛肝脏细胞因子含量显著高于对照组，230日龄对照组犊牛肝脏细胞因子含量显著高于试验组。160日龄和230日龄犊牛胸腺皮质厚度显著高于对照组，胸腺细胞因子含量差异不显著。160日龄试验组犊牛脾脏脾小结半径显著大于对照组，脾脏细胞因子含量显著高于对照组；230日龄两组犊牛脾脏细胞因子含量差异不显著。综上，补饲开食料提高160日龄犊牛生长性能，促进免疫器官发育，有效提高犊牛系统免疫力；对230日龄犊牛免疫器官形态发育和功能也具有潜在正向调控作用。