聚合猪血红蛋白在犬异源输血中的应用研究

对猪血红蛋白作为血液替代品的效果进行研究,提取猪血红蛋白,经PEG聚合及纯化,输给试验犬,检测、记录犬输入聚合血红蛋白前后的临床指标,并在输血后进行血常规和尿常规检测。结果表明,将聚合猪血红蛋白输入犬体内没有发生明显的溶血和凝血等输血反应,通过尿常规检测聚合血红蛋白在体内可存在7 d;第2次聚合血红蛋白输血也没有出现临床不良反应。结果显示聚合血红蛋白作为血液替代品有较好的临床应用前景。     

碳水化合物类脂肪替代品的研究和应用

主要综述了碳水化合物类脂肪替代品的制备和性质,介绍了碳水化合物脂肪替代品在乳制品、蛋黄酱和肉制品中的应用,并进行了前景展望。     

有机肥替代部分化肥对滨海盐碱地土壤改良和小麦产量的影响

合理利用有机肥资源,将有机肥替代部分化肥是实现减肥目标的重要技术途径之一。特别对于盐碱化土壤,有机肥替代部分化肥既能减少化肥的使用又能改善土壤的理化性质,促进作物产量的提高。本文以滨海盐碱地为研究对象,2014—2016年连续两年在滨州市无棣县渤海粮仓试验基地通过大田试验,研究了不施肥(CK)、普通化肥(CCF)、有机肥替代低量化肥(LOM)、有机肥替代中量化肥(MOM)、有机肥替代高量化肥(HOM)5种施肥模式对盐碱地土壤改良和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,CCF处理对盐碱地土壤盐分的影响不大,而有机肥替代部分化肥处理显著降低了土壤水溶性盐总量和pH,特别是在小麦开花期,MOM和HOM处理明显改善了土壤盐碱化,显著降低了土壤中水溶性钠和交换性钠的比例,使ESP和SAR值减小,其中以HOM处理对滨海盐碱土的土壤盐分改良效果最佳;与CK相比,各施肥处理的土壤养分含量均有提高,有机肥替代处理与CCF相比,对土壤全氮和有效磷的含量影响不明显,而HOM处理的速效钾含量显著高于其他处理,在一定程度上抑制了Na的毒害,有机肥替代处理还显著提高了土壤有机质的含量,改善了土壤环境;从CK到HOM,小麦产量依次递增,与CCF相比,有机肥替代处理LOM、MOM、HOM分别增产7.5%、18.8%、26.4%。综上,有机肥替代部分化肥,达到了减肥的目的,并对滨海盐碱地有明显的改良效果,提高了小麦产量。且在3个有机肥替代部分化肥的施肥处理中,以HOM施肥处理对滨海盐碱地的改良效果最优,获得的小麦产量最高。     

Nutrient‐rich compost versus nutrient‐poor vermicompost as growth media for ornamental‐plant production

A comparative study on the suitability of one compost and two vermicomposts, obtained from the same batch of tomato‐crop waste, as growth media for ornamental plant production was carried out. Each material was mixed with Sphagnum peat at 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100 (peat control) proportions by volume. Two ornamentals (Calendula officinalis, Viola cornuta) were sown and grown in the 13 substrates. Substrates were characterized physically and chemically. Seed germination, total leaf chlorophyll (SPAD units), plant growth, and plant nutrient concentrations were determined. The compost and the vermicomposts were markedly different from peat. Compost and the vermicomposts had greater bulk density and lower total porosity than peat. Compost had larger aeration and lower water‐holding capacity than vermicomposts and peat. Compost and vermicomposts were alkaline (pH = 8.8 on average) whilst peat was acidic (pH = 5.9). Electrical conductivity was low in peat (0.23 dS m^–1) and vermicomposts (0.65 dS m^–1), and high in compost (2.85 dS m^–1) due to the high concentrations of K⁺ and SO$ _4^{2-} $ . Mixing compost and vermicomposts with peat produced substrates with intermediate characteristics. Physical properties were within adequate range for all mixes except for the compost ones. pH was within adequate range only in pure peat, and salinity was extremely high in the compost mixes. Compost was phytotoxic, as shown by the strong reduction of seed germination, chlorophyll content, and plant growth of both ornamentals. Vermicomposts did not affect seed germination but reduced plant growth, though much less than compost. Mixing these materials with peat improved germination and growth. The diluted materials (compost at the 25 : 75 and vermicomposts at the 50 : 50 and 25 : 75 proportions) produced good‐quality plants.     

马铃薯淀粉制备脂肪模拟物的工艺研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用高温α-淀粉酶水解马铃薯淀粉,制备低DE值麦芽糊精脂肪模拟物。通过单因素试验,研究了酶添加量、反应时间、反应温度和底物浓度对产品DE值的影响,并通过正交试验确定了制备工艺的最佳条件为:酶添加量为0.02g,温度为95℃,反应时间为10min,底物质量分数为15%,水解产物的DE值为2.96。     

Use of Spent Coffee Ground Compost in Peat-Based Growing Media for the Production of Basil and Tomato Potting Plants

A spent coffee ground compost (SCGC) was evaluated as an alternative component of growing media to partially replace commercial peat (CP) and fertilizers in the production of potted plants. Seven mixtures (CP 100% + solid mineral fertilizers, CP 100% + liquid mineral fertilizers, CP 90% + SCGC 10%, CP 80% + SCGC 20%, CP 70% + SCGC 30%, CP 60% + SCGC 40%, and CP 100% without fertilizers) were compared for the production of basil and tomato potted plants. SCGC used in a proportion up to 40% enhanced the general plant stand by affecting the dry weight and the measured foliar parameters. Tomato and basil recorded good growth rates on SCGC-amended media, showing quality indices similar to those obtained under fertilization, evidencing compost plant nutrition provision. SCGC appears to be suitable for application as a partial peat substitute in the production of potted plants.     

油条中无铝明矾代用品的研究

以无铝明矾代用品和明矾为对比制作油条,通过L9(34)正交试验研究了小苏打用量、葡萄糖酸δ内酯用量、酒石酸氢钾用量、磷酸二氢钙用量对油条品质的影响。结果表明：小苏打用量对油条体积膨胀率和感官综合得分影响最大,磷酸二氢钙次之,酒石酸氢钾的作用略高于葡萄糖酸δ内酯;无铝明矾代用品的最佳组合为小苏打3.2%,葡萄糖酸δ内酯3.2%,酒石酸氢钾0.4%,磷酸二氢钙0.8%。用无铝明矾代用品加工的油条在体积膨胀率和感官综合评分方面均优于传统明法法制作的油条,不仅可以完全取代明矾,而且用该代用品制做油条,省时方便,安全可靠。     

糖对红小豆豆馅品质的影响

针对小豆馅主要添加剂糖,从色泽、体外总抗氧化能力、羟自由基消除能力和含糖量感官评价4个方面研究小豆馅适宜白砂糖含糖量,并研究了木糖醇和麦芽糖醇对白砂糖不同替代程度,小豆馅色泽和体外总抗氧化能力方面的变化。结果表明,加糖小豆馅要保持较好的色泽,其含糖量应低于35%;35%～55%含糖量可同时增加小豆馅体外总抗氧化能力和羟自由基消除能力;80%以上的品尝参评人员对小豆馅含糖量偏好介于25%～35%。综合4个方面结果叠加分析,小豆馅适宜白砂糖含量应为35%左右,对应的糖度为47%。木糖醇和麦芽糖醇部分替代白砂糖,对小豆馅色泽总体无明显的影响,但会明显降低其总抗氧化能力。该结论为提高小豆馅或豆沙品质及今后相关标准制定提供理论参考。     

小桐子油制备生物柴油在柴油机上的试验

研究了利用小桐子油制备生物柴油的方法,找到合适的反应条件为甲醇约占油重的25%、催化剂NaOH占油重的1%、反应温度50～65℃、反应时间60～90min.通过对比试验,研究柴油机燃烧小桐子油制取的生物柴油和普通柴油对发动机经济性、动力性和排气烟度的影响.研究结果表明:燃烧小桐子油B20和B100,发动机启动性能良好、运转正常,动力性能与普通柴油基本相同,影响幅度不超过3%,油耗最多增加了10%;在供油提前角和喷油压力保持不变的情况下,燃用生物柴油可以较大幅度降低柴油机的排气烟度,最大降幅近70%.     

花生壳、莴笋皮栽培香菇试验

花生壳，莴笋皮代替部分木屑栽培香菇，以传统培养料配方为对照组（CK），通过对菌丝生长、子实体生长和产量等指标的考察，结果表明：配方②（木屑30％、花生壳20％、莴笋皮28％）优于其他配方，茵丝生长速度较快，菌丝生长势较好，子实体容积质量较大，生物学效率最高为20．86％．通过综合分析，配方②接近CK．