Ecosystem consideration in conservation planning: energy demand of foraging bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) in a marine protected area

The Gully, a submarine canyon off eastern Canada, was nominated as a pilot Marine Protected Area (MPA) in 1998, largely to safeguard the vulnerable population of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) found there. The boundaries and ultimate management regime for the MPA for this area remain under review. We have estimated the energy consumption of bottlenose whales in the Gully based on the number of whales present at any time, their trophic level, the food requirements of each whale, and the rates of energy transfer between trophic levels. These calculations suggest that there must be a substantial spatial subsidy in the underlying foodweb of the submarine canyon to support the bottlenose whales using the Gully. A substantial area beyond the distribution of bottlenose whales in the area will therefore require protection. Conservation priorities to protect such subsidies will primarily involve additional protection at the level of the sea floor. Spatial subsidies are probably common in the marine environment, urging careful ecological analysis in the establishment of marine reserves and suggesting that conservation priorities need to take into account key ecological linkages and processes that are vital for sustaining species and habitats of concern.     

基于产品营销的农业保险的思考

分析了中国农业保险的特点,介绍了国外的农业保险情况,最后提出发展我国农业保险的新思路。     

我国农用燃油补贴政策的演化分析

2000年以来，随着国际原油价格的急剧上涨，我国农用柴油价格也持续走高，农机作业成本显著增加，严重影响了农民种粮的积极性。在这种情况下，政府做出积极回应，2005年和2006年分别通过试点投入品补贴和全国范围直接补贴的方式，对种粮农民进行补贴。为此，首先对我国农用柴油的供需情况及建国后农用燃油相关政策的演变情况进行了分析，明确了我国农用燃油的历史和现状；其次，通过分析2005年农机田间作业用油补贴试点地区取得的效益及存在的问题，为政府实施燃油补贴政策提供依据。     

宁夏农业保险发展存在的隐患及对策分析

宁夏农业保险由中国人民财产保险股份有限公司宁夏分公司承办，目前农业保险的范围覆盖面有限，险种少、范围窄，农户对农业保险的需求不能得到满足。本文针对宁夏农业保险实际工作中存在的政府协调工作不够、保险公司基层服务能力有待提升、农业保险相关费用支付渠道不畅等问题，提出了促进宁夏农业保险可持续发展的对策建议。     

Impaired littoral energy pathways cause a shift to pelagic resources by fish in recovering lake food webs

Fish communities may increase in biomass and productivity due to energy subsidies from the littoral invertebrate community. In lakes recovering from acidification and metal contamination, such as those in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, impaired benthic invertebrate communities (i.e., low diversity with higher abundance of small‐bodied taxa) allowed a critical test of the role of these littoral pathways on fish diet. We compared fish abundance, diversity, diet and biomass in eight recovering and eight reference lakes and related availability of the main littoral and pelagic invertebrate groups to fish diet regime using stable isotope analysis. A Bayesian mixing model (MixSIR) was used to estimate diet likelihood, and convex hull analysis was used to estimate trophic niche space of fish communities. Fish biomass did not differ between impaired and reference lakes despite substantial differences in potential diet. Fish depended strongly on littoral benthos in the reference lakes but consumed more pelagic food in the impaired lakes. The trophic niche of the focal, most common fish species (i.e., yellow perch, smallmouth bass, pumpkinseed and brown bullhead) was larger in the impaired lakes. We attributed these differences to low diversity at the highest trophic levels of fish communities in the impaired lakes as well as to depauperate benthic invertebrate communities. In contrast to the food webs of most temperate lakes, fish in impaired lakes preyed less on littoral invertebrates yet still managed to maintain a reference lake level of biomass standing crop by relying more on pelagic resources – macro zooplankton such as Chaoborus.     

我国肉牛良种补贴政策评价及反思

为科学评价我国肉牛良种补贴政策实施效果,并对其走向进行经验性预判,本研究基于实地调研,对肉牛良种补贴政策进行评价反思。研究表明,肉牛良种补贴政策实施以来,在提高肉牛良种化水平、带动肉牛良种繁育体系建设及完善等方面发挥了积极作用,但是由于肉牛良种补贴标准低、政策宣传缺位以及政策供需错位等原因,肉牛良种补贴政策实施过程中还存在"三低一模糊"现象,即养殖户对肉牛良种补贴政策认知程度低、肉牛良种补贴政策惠及程度低、养殖户对肉牛良种补贴政策满意度低以及肉牛人工授精服务收费标准模糊。总体而言,肉牛良种补贴政策没有很好地实现政策设计初衷,在一定程度上而言是失败的,存在取消之嫌。肉牛良种推广应因地制宜、创新工作方式,避免政策供需错位引致政策失效。     

典型国家与地区粮食生产直接补贴制度启示

通过对美国、欧盟、日本和韩国典型国家的农业保护支持制度变迁中的粮食生产直接补贴政策制度体系进行比较分析,并对其绩效做出了评价,然后总结了典型国家粮食直接补贴制度的经验,提出完善我国粮食生产直接补贴体系的对策与建议。     

我国粮食生产直接补贴体系分析

介绍了我国粮食生产直接补贴体系结构现状,分析了我国粮食生产直接补贴的功能和实质,我国粮食生产直接补贴的功能是保护和促进粮食产业发展,保障粮食供给及国家粮食安全,保护粮农利益,保持本国粮食贸易优势地位;粮食生产直接补贴的实质是对粮食生产者合理收益的补偿,对粮食生产正外部性的补偿,调节粮食供求平衡的社会付出。探讨了我国粮食生产直接补贴体系存在的问题,并提出了相应的完善对策,一是坚持完善协同配合的粮食生产直接补贴体系;二是调整粮食生产直补办法;三是建立粮食生产补贴长效制度机制;四是提高对粮食生产补贴制度的信息化服务水平。     

农机购置补贴政策信息公开理论与实践

农机购置补贴政策是我国财政支农政策体系的重要组成部分。深入推进补贴政策信息公开,是确保补贴政策高效、规范和廉洁实施的重要保障。在查阅国内外有关文献的基础上,阐述了农机购置补贴政策信息公开的理论依据,分析了国内外政府信息公开的实践探索进程,描述了我国农机购置补贴政策信息公开发展历程、发展现状及存在的主要问题,并据此提出了改进相关工作的建议。