Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

不同耕作模式下水稻产量与器官多要素响应的比较研究

认识和理解水稻产量影响要素是实现水稻高产稳产的关键。选取冬水田、垄作免耕和常规水旱轮作3种处理,采用相关分析、主成分分析与主成分多元线性回归3种方法对水稻产量与成熟期根、茎、叶、籽粒碳同位素组成,根系特征以及养分的响应关系进行比较与综合分析。结果表明不同耕作模式下垄作免耕的水稻产量最高,根、茎、叶、籽粒的碳同位素组成与水稻产量有极显著的负相关关系(P0.01);主成分分析提取的6个主成分累计贡献率超过80%;主成分多元线性回归模型能够解释冬水田、垄作免耕和常规水旱轮作水稻产量67%、73%和97%的变异;与常规水旱轮作相比,冬水田和垄作免耕水稻产量与碳同位素组成及磷的关系更密切。该研究表明,垄作免耕具有较好的推广应用价值。     

基于农田管理分区的制种玉米产量估算与限制因子评价

为了提升规模化农田不同管理分区的玉米产量,实现精准管理,该研究使用相关成分回归法(Correlated Component Regression,CCR),考虑地形因素(高程)、土壤理化性质(砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、容重、土壤含水率、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、电导率)11个因子,评估规模化农田和聚类分析得到的3个管理区(M1、M2和M3)内产量的限制因子,并在不同分区内建立产量估算模型。模型验证结果表明:未分区的情况下,产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、土壤有机碳、土壤含水率、速效氮和全氮,经验证,产量估算模型的决定系数(R~2)为0.70,标准均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Square Error,nRMSE)为0.21。分区后,M1的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、黏粒、速效氮、电导率、全氮和全磷,M2的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒和土壤含水率,M3的产量限制因子为高程、土壤砂粒、黏粒和电导率,产量估算模型的精度高(经验证,0.71R20.83,0.16nRMSE0.18)。对农田进行分区管理,并根据各管理区内作物产量的限制因素制定分布式管理策略,可以更具针对性地提升作物产量。     

特优航2号在龙海的产量表现及高产栽培技术

介绍了特优航2号参加福建省区试、生产试验以及在龙海示范种植的表现。调查了特优航2号不同产量水平的产量构成,明确有效穗与产量的相关最密切,对产量直接通径系数最高,对产量贡献率最大;其次为每穗总粒数,有效穗与每穗总粒数对产量的贡献率占4个构成因素总贡献率的86.39%。据此提出特优航2号高产栽培技术。     

用于连接离合器毂与带轴齿轮的组件及方法研究

提供了一种用于连接＂离合器毂与带轴齿轮＂的压配焊合组件及使用方法,即通过对其组件及使用方法的研究,不仅可以有效地解决离合器毂与带轴齿轮在压配连接后易出现的变形问题,而且还可以有效地控制其焊合连接后的变形情况,从而达到提高压配焊合质量的目的。该压配焊合组件,结构新颖简单,使用方法独特易行,已推广应用,并收到良好的效果,且已申报了国家发明专利。     

基于GIS的土壤肥力质量综合评价——以天然云冷杉针阔混交林为例

以吉林汪清林业局金沟岭林场中41块天然云冷杉针阔混交林样地为对象,采用主成分-聚类分析,结合GIS技术,对该区域土壤肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,按主成分-聚类分析结果将41块样地分为4类:第1类土壤肥力质量综合得分为11.17~18.86(优),包括5块样地;第2类土壤肥力质量综合得分为3.01~7.44(良),包括8块样地;第3类土壤肥力质量综合得分为-6.97~1.27(一般),包括24块样地;第4类土壤肥力质量综合得分为-12.40~-9.63(差),包括4块样地。然后采用Arc GIS软件对综合得分进行普通Kriging插值,其标准均方根预测为0.9544,在1的附近,这基本达到插值精度的要求。从生成的研究区土壤肥力质量综合得分空间分布图来看,森林土壤肥力质量由西向东呈现先降低后升高的趋势;由北向南,森林土壤肥力质量变化幅度逐步减小,表明研究区南部土壤肥力质量变化较北部均匀。就研究区的整体土壤肥力质量而言,土壤肥力质量中等以上(优,良,一般)样地数占所研究区样地总数比例为90.24%,表明所研究区森林土壤肥力质量整体处于良好水平。     

湖南省生姜资源主要农艺性状鉴定评价

研究旨在对湖南省47份生姜种质资源的15个数量性状和10个质量性状进行分析,以期探索湖南省各地生姜资源间的亲缘关系及变异特性,为湖南省生姜种质评价与新品种创制提供理论依据。用Excel及SPSS等对调查收集的农艺性状进行分析,结果表明,湖南省生姜资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数范围为13.22%~40.13%;聚类分析中,47份生姜资源分为2类4个亚组,其中第I类群的41份资源为密苗型资源,第II类群的6份资源为疏苗型资源,亚组I和亚组IV近似纺锤状;亚组II和亚组III近似灯泡状;主成分分析中,提取出的3个主成分累计贡献率达83.078%,分别命名为高产型形态因子、低产型形态因子和产量的叶部因子;相关性分析中,根状茎、株形、地上茎、子姜、叶部等形态因子与根状茎质量呈极显著正相关,分枝数和主茎叶数与根状茎质量呈极显著负相关,表明植株高大,分枝少,地上茎粗壮,根状茎、子姜粗长的品种单株根状茎质量相对更高;通径分析中,主茎叶数、分枝数对根状茎质量的直接通径系数为负,而根状茎、地上茎粗、子姜长、株高等对根状茎质量的直接通径系数为正,表明在一定范围内,生姜植株高大、地上茎秆粗壮、分枝少、叶片较少,根状茎粗长、子姜长的生姜品种具有高产潜力。该试验解析了湖南省生姜资源各主要农艺性状对根状茎质量形成的贡献大小,为更好地指导湖南省生姜生产提供了理论依据。     

革兰阴性菌外膜囊泡的研究进展

外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)是革兰阴性(G^-)菌从细胞膜上脱落下来的囊泡,携带有细菌的大量组分,如外膜蛋白、脂多糖、脱氧核糖核酸等。由于OMVs无活性、不能复制且具有免疫原性,所以被认为是最具潜力的亚单位疫苗,同时OMVs对细菌本身具有多种作用,故OMVs成为研究的热点。本文从G^-菌OMVs的组成成分、形成机制、生物学功能、提取纯化方法及其开发应用前景5个方面综述其研究现状,为G^-菌的致病机制研究、OMVs的疫苗开发应用提供技术指导。     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g~(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g~(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL~(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g~(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g~(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g~(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.     

不同培养基成分对薄荷试管苗生根的影响

[目的]筛选薄荷试管苗生根的最佳培养基组合。[方法]以薄荷试管苗茎段为试验材料,探讨不同培养基成分、凝固剂种类及添加量对其生根的影响。[结果]在薄荷试管苗培养过程中,使用琼脂为凝固剂,且添加量为7 g/L的1/2MS培养基时,其生根时间最短,生根数和生根长度较高。[结论]为薄荷试管苗的大规模、优质、高效生产提供理论依据。