榆林市风沙区杨树叶和松针不同生长期营养成分分析

由于大部分养殖户或养殖场对杨树叶和松针可以作为饲料原料来合理利用的了解甚少,以致于榆林市杨树及松针资源在饲料行业上的应用还不是很广泛。笔者通过对榆阳区西北风沙区2007年4、7、9、10月份(生长初期—落叶期)杨树叶和松针的主要营养成分进行测定,并对比分析,结果表明:两样本的粗纤维随生长的进行均呈明显上升趋势,而粗蛋白则均呈明显下降趋势,但粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷、有机物、无氮浸出物等成分均无明显规律性。同时,杨树叶在生长的过程中粗蛋白、粗纤维含量变化趋势明显,而松针的则变化相对平稳。通过笔者的研究可以为榆林市开发杨树和松针资源作为饲料原料来利用提供一些有用的数据,并就杨树叶和松针做为榆林节粮饲料原料的利用方法上提一些建议供参考。     

俄罗斯黄花草木樨生物活性成分资源的分布与开发利用

为了查明生物活性成分在黄花草木樨根、茎、叶、子中的含量与分布特征,本研究重点开展了黄花草木樨活性成分的检测及田间开发试验。分别采用凯式定氮法和高效气相色谱法测蛋白质；氨基酸自动分析仪法测氨基酸；气相色谱-质谱、分子蒸馏仪检测脂肪酸；重量法检测皂苷与生物碱；高效液相色谱仪检测香豆素；福林试剂比色法检测多酚；蒽铜-硫酸比色法检测多糖；亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠比色法检测黄酮。按产量测算后,得出每公顷牧草生物活性成分的总产量为3016.3 kg/hm2。其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪酸原料的产量分别为1400.6 kg/hm2,112.2 kg/hm2,1246.8 kg/hm2。有效成分皂苷、生物碱、多酚、香豆素的产量分别为97.0 kg/hm2、77.9 kg/hm2、41.7 kg/hm2、40.1 kg/hm2。上述成分经分离提取纯化后,可作为开发医药、食物、化工等生物技术产品的天然原料。本文为开发利用植物自然资源提供了新的途径。     

茉莉花香气成分及其加工应用研究进展

笔者阐述了茉莉花香气成分的释放机理,分析了影响茉莉花香气成分的因素,指出茉莉花香气成分的释放主要是酶促反应的进行,是由花香前体物质在温度、水分、氧气等作用下经生物酶水解释放出来,认为品种、花的开放程度、产地、环境因子、提取方法都对茉莉花香气成分的组成和含量具有不同程度的影响,其中以花的开放程度、环境因子和提取方法最为明显。文章还对茉莉花在食品、茶叶、香烟及其他方面的应用做了概述,最后对茉莉花的理论研究以及开发新产品方面做了展望。     

杧果‘汤米·阿京斯’香气特征分析

以杧果品种‘汤米·阿京斯’的叶片和果肉为材料，通过固相微萃取结合气相色谱/质谱法，分析和鉴定挥发性物质的组成。分别检测出叶片和果肉中挥发性物质64和51种。果肉中的主要挥发性成分为萜烯类化合物和苯甲醛；果肉中所特有的且含量较高的香料物质为3-蒈烯和苯甲醛，二者含量占56.68%。对果肉中挥发性物质的香味进行分析，结果发现其包含14种香型，其中果香、松香和木香是最主要的香韵类型，对松香味有贡献的化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和α-水芹烯，其中3-蒈烯贡献最大。     

不同类型小麦品种(系)农艺性状、生理指标与产量关系的多元统计分析

本文对不同类型小麦品种（系）的11个与产量密切相关的农艺性状,生理指标进行了主成分分析。11个原始指标综合成为三个独立的新指标,分别表示“光合同化因子”、“库与碳氮代谢因子”、“库与氮素营养因子”。主成分值与产量相关分析表明,小麦产量与第一、第二主成分值有极显著正相关关系。通过回归分析,建立了小麦产量与主成分值之间的回归方程。它能较好地反映不同类型品种的产量水平。     

Characterization of six varieties of Cucumis melo L. based on morphological and physiological characters, including shelf-life of fruit

Seventy-two accessions covering six varieties of Cucumis melo were characterized by using 35 morphological characters with emphasis on shelf-life, and the relationships between shelf-life and related characters was investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that development period of plant and fruit, size of seed and fruit, shelf-life, stem hair, flesh juiciness, netting, abscission of peduncle, rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, Brix value, and color of flesh and epidermis etc. were the principal characters to discriminate melon accessions examined in the present study. According to the scatter diagram, vars. acidulusand makuwa, both of which belong to the Oriental melon, are closely related because of their short growth duration, small seed, thin pericarp and poor shelf-life, while American cantaloupe (var.reticulatus) and European cantaloupe (var. cantalupensis) are rather closely related due to their climacteric fruit with orange flesh, slipped peduncle and rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, which is closely related with their shelf-life. PCA also indicated that var. saccharinus was closer to var. inodorus than to the other varieties, due to their requirement of long period for development, large size of seed and fruit, and half- or non-slipped peduncle. Shelf-life of melon fruit was significantly correlated with the following characters: quality of flesh, size of seed and fruit, abscission of peduncle, development periods of plant and fruit, rapid yellowing of epidermis at maturity, Brix value and color of flesh and epidermis. Accessions with good shelf-life were mostly found in vars. saccharinus and inodorus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Levels of host plant resistance to banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in African Musa germplasm

Forty-five Musa clones, including endemic and introduced cultivars plus hybrids, were evaluated for resistance against the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, in a field trial in Uganda. The predominant groups of staple crops, East African highland bananas (Musa spp. AAA) and plantains (Musaspp. AAB), as well as plantain-derived hybrids (AAB × AA), showed the highest levels of susceptibility to this pest. These were followed by dessert bananas (Musa spp. AAA), exotic bananas (Musa spp. ABB) and finally diploids of M. acuminata (AA). Hybrids of banana origin were highly resistant. Some East African highland cultivars, especially brewing types (e.g., Kabula, Bagandeseza, Ediirira), showed intermediate levels of resistance. Among the non-highland bananas, high levels of resistance were observed in Yangambi-Km5 (AAA), Cavendish (AAA), Gros Michel (AAA), Kayinja (ABB, Pisang Awak subgroup), Ndiizi (AB, Ney Poovan subgroup)and Kisubi (Ney Poovan subgroup). The highest resistance was observed in banana hybrids TMB2×7197-2, TMB2×8075-7 and the wild banana Calcutta-4 (AA). These were considered the best sources of resistance for a weevil resistance-breeding programme with the two hybrids commonly used as improved male parents. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A factor analysis of plant variables associated with architecture and seed size in dry bean

Summary A knowledge of the biological and functional relationships among traits would be of benefit to plant breeders in the choice of traits to use for increasing efficiency of selection in a breeding program. Principal factor analysis was used to identify biological and functional relationships among dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) traits in segregating populations of a phenotypic recurrent selection program designed to introduce upright architecture into medium-sized dry bean.Two biological interpretations were assigned to factors extracted in the analysis of four seed/pod traits. The first was a size factor, loaded with seed weight and pod width, and the second a number factor, which was loaded with number of seeds per pod and pod length. Similarly, three factors were extracted from the analysis of fifteen architectural traits. The first factor was interpreted as an elongation factor, and was loaded with internode length measurements, while the second factor was interpreted as a structural factor, and was further divided into two subclasses namely, sturdiness factor and profile factor. The sturdiness factor comprised hypocotyl diameter and hypocotyl length, while the profile factor comprised branch angle and number of basal branches. The third factor which was called a reproductive factor was loaded with pod distribution traits and the number and location of nodes on which pods were borne.     

The Use of Multivariate Analyses to Eliminate Redundant Variables when Evaluating Potatoes for Chip Quality

Selection for good chipping clones in potato breeding often takes place during the middle and late selection stages. This is due to the considerable resources needed for the assessment of several characteristics. Objective multivariate methods for the elimination of redundant variables were applied to eight standardized chipping quality traits recorded on advanced clones over 15 years at two locations in New Brunswick, Canada. The clones were evaluated of specific gravity and the following chipping scores: direct from the field in August; after 10 days storage at 13 °C; from 4 °C storage in February; from 4 °C storage in February with 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks reconditioning at 16 °C. Five elimination methods produced a similar deletion order. In every subset obtained, specific gravity and direct chipping from the field were always retained. Reconditioning treatments from one to four weeks after cold storage were shown to be the most redundant. The reduction in the number of traits from eight to four by every technique could recover more than 80 % of the original variation, showing that redundant variables were effectively discarded.     

Evaluation of an Italian germplasm collection of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. through a multivariate analysis

Summary Forty-eight accessions of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), collected from Northern to Southern Italy, were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate analysis applied to a set of 12 quantitative traits. Four principal components were found to explain 77% of the total variation in the dependence structure. Productivity characters together with heading time and dimensions of flag leaf appeared to be the major sources of diversity among tall fescue populations. On the basis of the 4 principal components similar populations were clustered according to minimal distance analysis. Seven clusters were identified. The results of cluster analysis confirmed the presence of a remarkable diversity within the germplasm collection and explained why results of a univariate analysis of variance did not reveal significant differences among groups of accessions collected in Northern, Central and Southern Italy. The multivariate approach seemed to point out a problem of genetic erosion of the local germplasm in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) and, on the whole, appeared to be a valid system for tall fescue germplasm evaluation.Research supported by C.N.R., Italy, special grant I.P.R.A., Subject 1.5.1., paper n. 1146.