基于TLS数据的单木胸径和树高提取研究

利用TLS测量森林参数(树高、胸径和林分密度等)不仅节省人力,而且还能提高工作效率,目前已成为快速获取树木几何参数的有效方法之一。本文利用地基激光雷达数据,提出了一种半自动方式提取单木参数的方法。首先,利用发射脉冲与接收回波脉冲的形状偏差和强度对原始点云数据中的“飞点”和噪点进行滤除;然后,配准各站点云数据;接下来采用不同目标回波过滤方法滤除部分树叶点和其他非树干点;抽稀、合并各站点云数据,对合并后的点云数据水平分层并生成对应的灰度影像;对灰度影像采用Hough变换方法估测单木位置和胸径;对Hough变换检测层数较少的结果采用椭圆拟合方法重新检测;最后,结合Hough变换和椭圆拟合检测结果从点云数据中提取单木位置、胸径和树高。用小兴安岭凉水自然保护区的白桦天然次生林对算法进行了检验,5块多站扫描样地单木识别的平均精度为72.16%,将所提取的单木位置、胸径和树高与外业实际测量数据对比,结果一致性较高。5块多站扫描样地的胸径和树高均方根误差分别为2.38、2.55、3.58、2.21、1.92 cm和4.31、3.87、2.34、5.00、3.47 m。      

立地因素对撑绿竹生长的影响

通过对贵州省引种栽培撑绿竹的10个县(市)24个镇(乡)60个样地进行调查,分析了6个重要立地因子对撑绿竹平均竹高与平均胸径生长的影响.结果表明坡位、坡度、海拔、土壤类型、土层厚度对撑绿竹竹高、胸径的影响差异显著,坡向对撑绿竹的生长差异影响不显著,但表现为阳坡上生长更旺盛.     

Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass in tropical lowland Dipterocarp forests

Allometric equations can be used to estimate the biomass and carbon stock of forests. However, so far the equations for Dipterocarp forests have not been developed in sufficient detail. In this research, allometric equations are presented based on the genera of commercial species and mixed species. Separate equations are developed for the Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Palaquium and Shorea genera, and an equation of a mix of these genera represents commercial species. The mixed species is constructed from commercial and non-commercial species. The data were collected in lowland mixed Dipterocarp forests in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The number of trees sampled in this research was 122, with diameters (1.30 m or above buttresses) ranging from 6 to 200 cm. Destructive sampling was used to collect the samples where diameter at breast height (DBH), commercial bole height (CBH), and wood density were used as predictors for dry weight of total above-ground biomass (TAGB). Model comparison and selection were based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), slope coefficient of the regression, average deviation, confidence interval (CI) of the mean, paired t-test. Based on these statistical indicators, the most suitable model is ln(TAGB) = c + αln(DBH). This model uses only a single predictor of DBH and produces a range of prediction values closer to the upper and lower limits of the observed mean. Model 1 is reliable for forest managers to estimate above-ground biomass, so the research findings can be extrapolated for managing forests related to carbon balance. Additional explanatory variables such as CBH do not really increase the indicators’ goodness of fit for the equation. An alternative model to incorporate wood density must be considered for estimating the above-ground biomass for mixed species. Comparing the presented equations to previously published data shows that these local species-specific and generic equations differ substantially from previously published equations and that site specific equations must be considered to get a better estimation of biomass. Based on the average deviation and the range of CI, the generalized equations are not sufficient to estimate the biomass for a certain type of forests, such as lowland Dipterocarp forests. The research findings are new for Dipterocarp forests, so they complement the previous research as well as the methodology of the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF).     

新疆山地针叶林乔木胸径-树高关系分析

树木的生长包括了径向生长和垂直生长两个方面,这两方面具有密切的关系,这一关系既受到树木本身的控制,同时也受森林立地条件的影响.通过分析新疆阿尔泰山、天山南北坡以及昆仑山区11个地点120个样方的胸径-树高关系.结果表明:昆仑山的尖削度(taper)显著大于其余3地,其潜在最大树高(potential height,H*...     

舟山黑松林群落物种多样性特征研究

通过样方法对舟山长岗山森林公园中的黑松林进行群落调查,每个样地大小为20 m×20 m。结果表明:和同一生境的其他乔木相比,黑松的径级分布呈正态分布趋势,小径级的黑松明显偏少;常绿阔叶林和松阔混交林的乔木种类比较丰富,分别达11.33和9.92种,几乎是黑松林的物种丰富度的2倍;和常绿阔叶林不同的是,黑松林林下植被物种丰富,常见伴生种有枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、白栎(Quercus fabri)、麻栎(Q.acutissima)和黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana),继续封育可加速向松阔混交林演替,以提高其乔木层生物多样性。     

Stand development of Norway spruce dominated subalpine forests of the Swiss Alps

In densely populated regions, forests can help protect communities and infrastructures from natural hazards such as avalanches and rockfall. To promote the protective function, substantial efforts are made to actively manage forest stands. In 2009 alone the Swiss government invested more than 60 million sfr for the maintenance of protection forests. However, to date there has been no comprehensive evaluation of how the structural development of actively managed stands differs from that of passively managed stands in the Alps. Over the past century the structure of Norway-spruce dominated subalpine forests of the Swiss Alps has been changing and it is not clear how these changes affect the potential protective function of these forests, as well as other forest functions such as wildlife habitat. Furthermore, it is not clear how stand dynamics and structural changes differ between stands that are actively managed and those that are passively managed, and thus to what degree active efforts of forest management are contributing to stands that actually have a greater protective function than passively managed forests.In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of subalpine forests using time series of forest inventory data and examined the influence of active vs. passive management, exposition, distance to treeline, elevation and slope steepness on stand structure and dynamics. We analyzed data from 395 plots in dense, subalpine, spruce-dominated forests in the Swiss Alps. Data were collected during three distinct periods (1983-1985, 1993-1995 and 2004-2006) as part of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI). Using regression trees and multivariate statistics, we investigated which factors have the most important influence on tree growth and stand development.Overall, forest density increased significantly over the last 20 years and the predominance of dense forests increased at higher elevations. However, forest density has not increased in actively managed forests over the past 10 years. In passively managed stands, density was higher on south-facing slopes than on north-facing slopes. The volume and density of dead wood has increased over the last 20 years in both actively managed and passively managed forests. Active management over the last 20 years has maintained forest conditions that adequately maintain stands’ protection functions in the Swiss Alps. However, stand development, especially increasing density, in the passively managed stands of the Swiss Alps suggests that the majority of passively managed stands also provide adequate protective functions against rock and avalanche hazards without the high costs of active management.     

Estimating aboveground biomass in forest and oil palm plantation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo using ALOS PALSAR data

Conversion of tropical forests to oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia has resulted in large-scale environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and significant carbon emissions. For both countries to participate in the United Nation’s REDD (Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) mechanism, assessment of forest carbon stocks, including the estimated loss in carbon from conversion to plantation, is needed. In this study, we use a combination of field and remote sensing data to quantify both the magnitude and the geographical distribution of carbon stock in forests and timber plantations, in Sabah, Malaysia, which has been the site of significant expansion of oil palm cultivation over the last two decades. Forest structure data from 129 ha of research and inventory plots were used at different spatial scales to discriminate forest biomass across degradation levels. Field data was integrated with ALOS PALSAR (Advanced Land-Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery to both discriminate oil palm plantation from forest stands, with an accuracy of 97.0% (κ = 0.64) and predict AGB using regression analysis of HV-polarized PALSAR data (R² = 0.63, p < .001). Direct estimation of AGB from simple regression models was sensitive to both environmental conditions and forest structure. Precipitation effect on the backscatter data changed the HV prediction of AGB significantly (R² = 0.21, p < .001), and scattering from large leaves of mature palm trees significantly impeded the use of a single HV-based model for predicting AGB in palm oil plantations. Multi-temporal SAR data and algorithms based on forest types are suggested to improve the ability of a sensor similar to ALOS PALSAR for accurately mapping and monitoring forest biomass, now that the ALOS PALSAR sensor is no longer operational.     

密度对华北落叶松人工林树高、胸径和物种多样性的影响

以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局克勒沟林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对标准地内保留密度为400株/hm2、600株/hm2、900株/hm2、1 100株/hm2的华北落叶松在上坡位、中坡位、下坡位的树高和胸径以及物种多样性进行了调查分析,结果表明:在保留密度为600株/hm2时,林木生长最好,树高最大;保留密度小于600株/hm2时,树高随着密度的增大而增大,但大于600株/hm2时,树高会随着密度的增大而呈现降低的趋势;胸径会随着保留密度的增大而减小;对不同密度样地中的植物重要值及物种多样性指数进行了计算,林下草本层植物的数量、多样性指数在保留密度为600株/hm2时达到最大值,之后随着密度的增加均呈递减的趋势。     

包括气候变量的大尺度柏木胸径单木生长模型

利用多期森林资源连续清查的近3 000株柏木单木生长数据,建立了2种中北亚热带地区柏木单木胸径生长的大尺度统一模型,模型调整后决定系数都超过0.6。其中全模型包括更多林分的因子,方便模型则只包括易于从地形和林相图等中获取的变量,更方便大尺度上的应用。这些模型都包括气候变量。结果表明,对于大尺度上的柏木生长,地理位置和年均积温影响最大。这些模型为研究大尺度上的森林生态系统生产力和气候变化提供了工具。     

嫩江沙地樟子松人工林各测树因子数量关系的研究

在对嫩江沙地樟子松人工林生物量调查的基础上,采用回归分析的方法模拟了林龄与胸径、树高和生物量之间以及胸径、生物量与树高之间的数量关系,建立了樟子松林分各器官生物量回归方程,结果表明:林龄与胸径、树高和生物量相关紧密;采用W=aebD模型,地上生物量、树干、树枝、树根的回归方程的相关系数都达到了极显著水平,平均拟合率都大于70%。