不同遮阴处理对香草兰光合作用及花芽分化的影响

为探讨适宜香草兰生长发育的遮阴度,试验设50%、75%和90%这3种不同遮阴度的遮阴网处理,测定各处理条件下植株叶片的叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光等光合参数,并跟踪统计各处理条件下的花芽分化率。结果表明:较低遮阴度不利于香草兰叶绿素形成;在一定范围内,表观量子效率(AQY)、实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和天线转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)随遮阴度增加而增加;净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)都随遮阴度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;75%遮阴度下花芽分化率最高,达到54.98%。可见,香草兰适宜在遮阴度为75%的栽培条件下生长,生产中可参考应用。     

遮阴和施肥对油茶幼苗叶片抗寒性的影响

以不同遮阴时间和施肥量处理的油茶幼苗为研究对象,以其叶片在不同时间(1月、2月、11月和12月)半致死温度的差异为依据,研究了油茶幼苗叶片的抗寒性对遮阴和施肥的响应。结果表明,遮阴对翌年1月和2月油茶幼苗叶片的半致死温度没有显著影响,而对当年11月和12月的半致死温度产生了显著影响。回归模拟的结果表明,当年11月和12月油茶幼苗叶片半致死温度(y)与遮阴时间(x)遵守y=ax2–bx–c(R2=0.8987*~0.9116*)模型,即此时期的半致死温度随遮阴时间增加呈现先降低后升高的变化规律,表明遮阴时间过长将会降低油茶幼苗的抗寒性。施肥对当年11月和12月及翌年1月和2月油茶幼苗叶片的半致死温度均产生了显著影响。回归模拟结果表明,不同季节,油茶幼苗叶片半致死温度(y)与施肥量(x)均遵守y=k/(1+aexp(–(bx+cx2+dx3)))(R2=0.9929*~0.9994*)模型,表明油茶幼苗叶片的半致死温度对施肥的响应呈现随施肥量增加先降低后趋于稳定的基本趋势,油茶幼苗叶片的半致死温度不随施用量的增加而无限降低。     

遮光处理对马铃薯农艺性状和产量的影响

以3个常规马铃薯栽培品种费乌瑞它、紫玉、冀张薯12号为材料,进行非全程45%遮光、全程45%遮光、非全程70%遮光、全程70%遮光处理,比较分析马铃薯的植株生长势、产量及其构成性状受光照的影响效果。结果表明:马铃薯植株生长、产量及其构成性状等都呈现出对照、非全程45%遮光、全程45%遮光、非全程70%遮光、全程70%遮光依次递减的变化趋势;遮光条件下马铃薯株高显著增加,但费乌瑞它的株高随遮光程度增加变化不大;紫玉的主茎数对光照不敏感,费乌瑞它和冀张薯12的主茎数随光照强度的减弱而减少;冀张薯12植株的干物质量受遮光影响最大;马铃薯单株薯质量和商品薯质量受遮光影响最大,单薯质量受遮光影响最小,非全程45%遮光处理只对费乌瑞它和紫玉单株薯质量产生显著影响,相同条件下冀张薯12的商品薯质量也显著下降;全程45%遮光处理下紫玉、费乌瑞它的单株块茎数,费乌瑞它、紫玉、冀张薯12的单株薯质量和紫玉的商品薯重都显著降低,遮光程度达到70%时(非全程、全程)所有结薯性状因子都显著下降;费乌瑞它在遮光为45%条件下减产41.6%~44.5%,非全程70%遮光下减产67.8%,而全程遮光条件下的减产86.6%,全程遮光和非全程遮光之间差异不明显;冀张薯12和紫玉在非全程45%遮光下减产都在30%以内,冀张薯12在全程45%遮光条件下减产57.4%,紫玉减产41.1%,全程70%遮光下冀张薯12减产达87.5%,紫玉减产78.8%。综合试验结果,费乌瑞它和紫玉前期耐弱光,产量构成性状受光照影响较小,生育期短,较适宜中国南方冬作栽培。     

遮阴处理对小蓬竹生长及生理特性的影响

为了探讨濒危植物小蓬竹对光照的适应性,设置轻度遮阴(LS,74.32％自然光)、中度遮阴(MS,44.83％自然光)、重度遮阴(SS,18.57％自然光)3种遮阴处理,以自然光为对照,观测了小蓬竹叶片生长及生理特性的变化.结果表明,相对于对照,轻度遮阴小蓬竹植株叶片数量显著增加,比叶重、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、游离脯氨酸含量均无明显差异,总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素b相对含量略有升高;中度遮阴及重度遮阴小蓬竹叶片相对数量、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素b相对含量以及可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,比叶重、可溶性淀粉、游离脯氨酸含量显著降低,可溶性糖含量差异较小.说明小蓬竹对轻度遮阴环境有良好的适应性,适度遮阴更有利于其生长发育.遮阴加重的情况下,小蓬竹降低比叶重、促进扩展生长、提高总叶绿素尤其是叶绿素b的含量,从而提高光照截获面积与光吸收能力;调节游离脯氨酸含量维持正常的细胞膨压;减少光合有机物的净积累,将能量更多地用于生命活动的维持;保持足够的可溶性糖并提高可溶性蛋白的含量,从而加强对弱光逆境的抵御能力.由此推断,小蓬竹对中度及重度遮阴环境具有较强的适应性.     

遮荫处理对匍枝萎陵菜生长、叶片解剖结构及生理特性的影响

通过对匍枝萎陵菜进行遮荫处理,对其植株生长、叶片解剖结构、色素含量、生理指标以及光合特性进行了测定分析,以探讨其耐荫能力。结果表明：全光照和一、二层遮阳网遮荫处理（透光率分别为40．7％、17．1％）的叶片厚度和叶柄长度显著或极显著高于三层遮荫处理（透光率为5．35％）,根冠比极显著低于三层遮荫处理;栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度变化及差异显著性与叶片厚度相同,但各处理的栅／海厚度比值相互间差异不显著;随遮荫程度的增强,气孔密度和MDA含量极显著下降,蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈先降后升趋势,SOD活性和净光合速率则表现为先升后降趋势;叶绿素和类胡萝b素含量随遮荫程度的增加而显著增加。综合各测试指标及田问观察认为,匍枝萎陵菜对光照强度的适应范围较广,在全光照及一、二层遮荫（即透光率不低于17％,光照强度不低于10．7×10。Lux）的光照条件下均能良好生长。     

地表太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦生长和产量的影响

为研究辐射减弱和O3胁迫对作物的影响,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)和遮荫网,开展了辐射减弱和O3胁迫的大田试验研究.实验设置4种处理:CK为野外大田组,T1为40％遮荫,T2为100 nL/LO3,T3为遮荫40％和100 nL/LO3的复合组.结果表明:T1和T3组冬小麦的生育期延长且推迟,T3组株高无明显变化;T2组株高降低,生育期缩短;单株干物质重均降低,T3降幅最大;各组灌浆速率均降低,T3组降幅最大;T1和T3产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和穗重显著降低,T2组穗数无明显改变.由此可见,复合对小麦生长的影响较接近40％遮荫;粒重降低主要是因为灌浆速率的降低,灌浆时间的影响较小;产量的降低主要是千粒重、穗数、穗重的降低,降幅最大,但小于两因子单独累加.     

Rehabilitating Abandoned Pastures in Panama: Control of the Invasive Exotic Grass,Saccharum spontaneum L., Using Artificial Shade Treatments

ABSTRACT

The exotic grass, Saccharum spontaneum L., has invaded abandoned agricultural lands in the Panama Canal Watershed for decades. The grass aggressively competes with regenerating tree seedlings preventing natural forest regeneration. To estimate effectual light level for controlling the grass, the growth of S. spontaneum was measured under a range of artificial shading conditions. Five shade treatment subplots–light intensities of 100% (full sunlight), 50, 25, 15, and 5%–were established at each of eight plots in land adjacent to the Panama Canal Watershed. Each site was cleared of S. spontaneum and then the regrowth was harvested. The regrowth of the grass was harvested and measured four times every one and half months for six months. The biomass of S. spontaneum was significantly less in lower light conditions than in full sunlight. The results showed that comparing growth of the grass at each harvest date, except for the first harvest date, there were significant differences between full sunlight and light intensities of 5, 15 and 25%. When compared by different harvest dates for each light level, only full sunlight showed a significant difference in biomass of the grass. The study demonstrates that shading is an effective method for controlling S. spontaneum. The results can be applied to developing reforestation strategies for abandoned lands occupied by S. spontaneum.     

遮阴对基质育苗裸苗移栽棉花苗期生长的影响

 通过不同程度的遮光处理来研究基质育苗移栽棉花苗期生长发育的变化,结果表明：在缓苗期内不同遮光处理对叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量影响较大,缓苗期过后4个处理二者变化趋势基本一致,但是各个处理间存在一定差异;SOD酶和POD酶活性均呈现先增加后下降然后趋于稳定,不遮光处理2种酶活性要高于遮光处理;缓苗期过后,遮光处理的单株叶面积、鲜物质质量、干物质质量、株高均高于对照,本试验中以遮光2层效果最好。说明一定程度的苗期遮阴可以缓解基质育苗移栽棉花所处的相对逆境,有利于棉苗生长发育。     

Response of Osmotic Regulation Substance Content and Protective Enzyme Activities to Shading in Leaves of Different Rice Genotypes

Effects of shading at the flowering and grain filling stages on osmotic regulation substance content and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes (e.g.,IIyou 498,Gangyou 188,Dexiang 4103,Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838) were investigated.The results showed that the malondialdehyde content of Gangyou 188 significantly increased under shading,whereas those of IIyou 498,Dexiang 4103,Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838 showed no significant differences compared to the control.The soluble sugar content significantly decreased in IIyou 498,Gangyou 188,Dexiang 4103 and Chuanxiang 9838,whereas it did not significantly increase in Gangyou 527 under the weak light conditions (shading).Moreover,the soluble protein content in the leaves of different genotypes tended to decrease under shading.Further,the protective enzyme activities in the leaves varied in different rice genotypes under the shading treatment.Based on the osmotic regulation substance content and the protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes,it was concluded that Gangyou 188 and Gangyou 527 had strong abilities to adapt to the low light conditions.In addition,the mechanism of damage to rice leaves in different genotypes under shading was discussed.     

遮荫对忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量的影响

探讨不同光照强度条件下忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量变化,为忽地笑规范化栽培提供科学依据。采用HPLC方法测定了100%自然光、50%遮荫和85%遮荫条件下忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量。3种不同光强下忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量均表现为:50%遮荫>85%遮荫>100%自然光,其中在50%遮荫条件下其含量均最高,与100%自然光的相比,分别提高了35.88%和20.56%,差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。稳定性及回收率实验结果表明:HPLC法测定忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量效果好,稳定性强,方法可靠;适度遮荫(如50%遮荫)可以提高忽地笑鳞茎中石蒜碱和加兰他敏含量。忽地笑适宜在一定遮荫环境下栽培。