遮光处理对马铃薯农艺性状和产量的影响

以3个常规马铃薯栽培品种费乌瑞它、紫玉、冀张薯12号为材料,进行非全程45%遮光、全程45%遮光、非全程70%遮光、全程70%遮光处理,比较分析马铃薯的植株生长势、产量及其构成性状受光照的影响效果。结果表明:马铃薯植株生长、产量及其构成性状等都呈现出对照、非全程45%遮光、全程45%遮光、非全程70%遮光、全程70%遮光依次递减的变化趋势;遮光条件下马铃薯株高显著增加,但费乌瑞它的株高随遮光程度增加变化不大;紫玉的主茎数对光照不敏感,费乌瑞它和冀张薯12的主茎数随光照强度的减弱而减少;冀张薯12植株的干物质量受遮光影响最大;马铃薯单株薯质量和商品薯质量受遮光影响最大,单薯质量受遮光影响最小,非全程45%遮光处理只对费乌瑞它和紫玉单株薯质量产生显著影响,相同条件下冀张薯12的商品薯质量也显著下降;全程45%遮光处理下紫玉、费乌瑞它的单株块茎数,费乌瑞它、紫玉、冀张薯12的单株薯质量和紫玉的商品薯重都显著降低,遮光程度达到70%时(非全程、全程)所有结薯性状因子都显著下降;费乌瑞它在遮光为45%条件下减产41.6%~44.5%,非全程70%遮光下减产67.8%,而全程遮光条件下的减产86.6%,全程遮光和非全程遮光之间差异不明显;冀张薯12和紫玉在非全程45%遮光下减产都在30%以内,冀张薯12在全程45%遮光条件下减产57.4%,紫玉减产41.1%,全程70%遮光下冀张薯12减产达87.5%,紫玉减产78.8%。综合试验结果,费乌瑞它和紫玉前期耐弱光,产量构成性状受光照影响较小,生育期短,较适宜中国南方冬作栽培。

Effect of shading treatment on the agronomic traits and yield of potato(Solanum tuberosumL.)

In this field experiment, three potato varieties of Favorita, Ziyu and Jizhangshu–12 were used as material, five light treatments (45% shading in certain growth stage, 45% shading in the whole growth stage, 70% shading in certain growth stage, 70% shading in the whole growth stage, no shading as control) were conducted to study the effects of different light treatments on growth dynamic, yield and its components of potato varieties by measuring plant height, dry matter, the content of starch in tuber,tuber numbers per plant, tuber yield and other main agronomic traits. The results showed that the change trend of the agronomic traits was: the control was the best, 45% shading treatments were better than 70% shading treatments, shading in certain growth stage were better than shading in whole growing period. The plant heights of potato varieties were significant different between the shading treatments and the control except Favorita. The main stem numbers decreased with the shading increase except Ziyu. The dry weight of Jizhangshu–12 declined more severely than those of Favorita and Ziyu potatos. 45% shading treating before tuber rapid expansion stage had significant effects on the tuber weight per plant of Favorita and Ziyu varieties and significantly decreased the commodity potato weight per plant of Jizhangshu–12. The tuber numbers per plant of Favorita and Ziyu, tuber weight of three varieties and commodity potato weight of Ziyu decreased significantly under 45% shading treated in whole growing period. The all characters of tuberization were significantly reduced under 70% shading treatments regardless of the shading stage. The yields of Favorita decreased by 41.6%–44.5% with both 45% shading treatments and there was not significant difference between the two treatments. 67.8% and 86.6% decreased with 70% shading treated in certain growth stages and whole growth stage, respectively. The yields of Jizhangshu–12 and Ziyu reduced less than 30% under 45% shading treated in certain stage, decreased by 57.4% (Jizhangshu–12) and 41.1%(Ziyu) with 45% shading treated in whole growing period, and decreased by 87.5% (Jizhangshu–12) and 78.8%(Ziyu) with 70% shading treatment in whole growing stages. In conclusion, Favorita and Ziyu, the varieties of early–maturing, of which yield and it’s components were less affected by light intensity, can adapt more readily to the cultivation environment of weak light and high humidity in southern winter.