独立数小于4的图的结构研究

图论研究中一个很重要的方面是利用图的各种参数来刻画图的结构。通过对图的两个重要不变量——独立数和连通度的分析,分别给出了图G的独立数α(G)=1,2或3,而连通度κ(G)任意取值时图G的结构特征。     

应用结构信息价连接性指数预测多氯联苯(PCBS)的气相色谱保留指数(RRT)

根据隐氢分子图中顶点i原子的价层轨道在参与成键时的杂化形式,新定义了顶点i原子的价点价δiY,以价连接矩阵为基础构建了1个新的结构信息价连接性指数mQtY。新的结构信息价连接性指数mQtY能很好地反映化合物的结构特征,并且比Kier等人提出的价连接性指数mχtv的结构选择区分性能好。多氯联苯(PCBS)是一类重要的环境污染物。利用多元线性回归技术建立了209个PCBS化合物的mQtY与这些物质的气相色谱保留指数(RRT)的定量结构/保留相关关系(QSRR)模型,其相关性良好。新模型物理意义明确,计算简便,预测能力比较强。     

文峪河流域景观格局动态及其驱动力分析

以文峪河流域为研究对象,分析流域2000—2018年景观格局数量动态的面积、转移及速度特征。从斑块类型尺度与景观尺度2个层面选取景观指数分析流域近18年的景观格局动态,并在流域尺度上沿城市—林区梯度线分析沿线景观格局指数的梯度分布,基于数量统计模型对景观格局动态驱动力进行研究。结果表明,流域耕地、林地、草地面积有所减少,向其余地类支出面积,水域、建设用地、未利用地面积增加,向其余地类吸收面积,不同地类土地转移、变化速度情况不同。不同景观类型的格局动态不同,流域整体景观破碎化程度增加,连通性下降、景观规则度下降、景观核心面积下降,不同景观指数的梯度分布特征不同。自然驱动因子、社会驱动因子对流域景观格局变化均具有驱动作用,文峪河流域的景观动态在过去18年间经历了快速、复杂的变化,社会经济驱动因子是景观格局演变的主要驱动力量,经济与人口发展、产业结构及工业化进程是文峪河流域景观格局演变的重要驱动力量。     

纳板河自然保护区景观连接度变化分析

自然保护区是保护物种栖息地的重要基础,但频繁的人类活动干扰导致自然保护区内生物栖息地斑块破碎化的问题依然存在,景观连接度定量评价对于保护区生物栖息地保护具有重要作用。以纳板河自然保护区为例,基于图论的指数方法利用2014年和2018年高空间分辨率遥感数据,对保护区栖息地的景观连接度指数的变化及其驱动力因素进行分析。结果表明:1)2014—2018年的景观连接度指数中整体性连接度指数(IIC)、概率连接度指数(PC)都呈现下降趋势,IIC和PC指数分别下降0.29和0.53,指示保护区内栖息地破碎化加剧;2)最大斑块的重要性指数从85.14减少到84.19,重要性前十的斑块时空变化表明了自然保护区栖息地斑块面积不断减小,中部、中西部地区破碎化显著;3)土地利用变化对保护区景观连接度产生重要影响,其中橡胶林、耕地、水库、茶园4类土地利用增加是栖息地破碎化的驱动力因素。研究结果可为纳板河自然保护区栖息地保护管理提供科学依据。     

苏州市1985～2010年LUCC及生态连通性时空差异研究

利用苏州市1985和2010年2期遥感卫星影像,对研究地区土地利用/土地覆被变化情况进行了分析,并就土地利用变化的生态连通性格局进行了研究,揭示了LUCC与生态连通性变化间关系,提出了通过土地利用调整改善生态环境效应的建议。研究发现:1985~2010年研究区土地利用变化强烈,耕地是减少最多的土地利用类型,而城镇工矿和农居点则是变化幅度和变动程度最为剧烈的土地利用类型;受土地利用变化影响,苏州地区生态连通性变化强烈,全市土地有84.2%区域生态阻力呈现不同程度上升,这源于城镇工况和农居点快速扩张,仅有15.8%区域生态阻力下降,生态连通性提高,这源于土地利用类型向水域和草地的转换。全市生态孤岛面积增加15.84%;通过对农村地区农居点有效整理,将其转变成为更具有生态价值的耕地、水域、草地或林地,是降低苏州地区生态阻力,提高生态连通性,有效改善生态环境的重要手段。     

Urban land use types contribute to grassland conservation: The example of Berlin

Urbanisation is an important driver of biodiversity loss, also contributing to habitat loss and fragmentation of grasslands at the urban-rural interface. While urban green spaces are known to include many grassland habitats, it is uncertain to what extent urban land use types harbour grasslands of special conservation interest and whether patch characteristics and connectivity of these differ from grasslands on agricultural land. By relating the city-wide biotope mapping to the land use mapping of Berlin, Germany, we assessed (1) to which specific urban land use types the major grassland biotope types belong, (2) differences in patch characteristics and connectivity, and (3) the conservation value of grassland patches at a typological level by means of their legal protection status. Grasslands cover 5% of Berlin's surface, and 43% of that area is assigned to legally protected grassland types. The majority of legally protected grassland (71%) lies on urban land opposed to 29% on agricultural land. Airports and historic parks, which only cover 2% of land in Berlin, contain one-third of all protected dry grasslands. Wet grassland is more confined to agricultural land. In airports and agricultural areas, grassland patches are larger but of a more complex shape than those in historic parks. In airports, grassland patches show greater connectivity as they are situated in grassland-dominated surroundings. Grassland in historic parks appears to be more vulnerable due to smaller patch sizes and higher fragmentation. The example of Berlin demonstrates that the urban green infrastructure can clearly contribute to grassland conservation and may thus partially compensate for the decline of traditional grasslands in cultural landscapes. It will be important to involve residents and landowners in urban grassland conservation and management because most grassland of special conservation interest (57%) was found outside of conservation areas.     

Assisted colonization: Integrating conservation strategies in the face of climate change

Global climate change poses an immense challenge for conservation biologists seeking to mitigate impacts to species and ecosystems. Species persistence will depend on geographic range shifts or adaptation in response to warming patterns as novel climates and community assemblages arise. Assisted colonization has been proposed as a method for addressing these challenges. This technique, which consists of transporting species to a new range that is predicted to be favorable for persistence under future climate scenarios, has become the subject of controversy and discussion in the conservation community due to its highly manipulative nature, questions about widespread feasibility, and uncertainty associated with the likelihood of translocated species becoming invasive. We reviewed the discussion and criticism associated with assisted colonization and sought to identify other conservation techniques that also display potential to promote the colonization and adaptation of species in response to climate change. We propose an integrated conservation strategy that includes management for habitat connectivity, conservation genetics, and when necessary, assisted colonization of species that are still unable to shift their ranges even given implementation of the above standard conservation approaches. We argue that this integrated approach will facilitate persistence for a larger proportion of species than is possible by solely using assisted colonization. Furthermore, a multi-faceted approach will likely reduce the uncertainty of conservation outcomes and will become increasingly necessary for conservation of biodiversity in a changing climate.     

Free-living nematode community structure and distribution within vineyard soil aggregates under conventional and organic management practices

Soil biota play a crucial role in soil ecosystem stability, promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Compared to conventional farming,organic farming is known to improve soil properties such as aggregation. Despite the importance of soil microbial communities in soil biogeochemical processes, our knowledge of their dynamics is rudimentary, especially under different agricultural management practices. Here we studied the effects of vineyard management practices(conventional an...     

长江流域典型区河-库水文网络连通综合评估

长江具备丰富的水资源和电力资源,近年来河网闸坝、水电等水利设施被大量建设,导致了连通性下降,从而带来一系列的生态环境问题,评估长江流域河-库连通性具有重要意义。本研究选择长江流域高坝大库（金沙江下游）、低坝枢纽（汉江中下游）和山区小水电（景谷）三种河-库连通类型进行研究。首先概化典型研究区河-库连通的水文网络模型,并将水电站、过渡区、河流汇聚点、闸坝作为重要的网络节点。然后基于网络的水文连通功能、生态环境功能和社会贡献功能构建水文网络连通评估指标体系,利用熵权模糊综合评估方法对典型河-库进行分析。结果表明,高坝大库和低坝枢纽连通性为四级（差）,山区小水电连通性为五级（极差）。并基于评估结果,对不同类型的河-库系统给出改善连通性的针对性建议。